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Freeling F, Armbruster D, Nödler K, Kunkel U, Scheurer M, Koschorreck J, Ternes TA. Metabolites are overlooked in environmental risk assessments and monitoring of pharmaceuticals: The case study of pantoprazole. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 256:121596. [PMID: 38685172 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The proton-pump inhibitor pantoprazole (PPZ) is one of the most consumed pharmaceuticals worldwide. Despite its high usage, reported PPZ concentrations in environmental water samples are comparatively low, which can be explained by the extensive metabolism of PPZ in the human body. Since most previous studies did not consider human PPZ metabolites it can be assumed that the current environmental exposure associated with the application of PPZ is substantially underestimated. In our study, 4'-O-demethyl-PPZ sulfide (M1) was identified as the predominant PPZ metabolite by analyzing urine of a PPZ consumer as well as the influent and effluent of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). M1 was found to be ubiquitously present in WWTP effluents (max. concentration: 3 000 ng/L) and surface waters in Germany. On average, the surface water concentrations of M1 were approximately 30 times higher than those of the parent compound PPZ. Laboratory scale experiments demonstrated that activated carbon can considerably adsorb M1 und thus improve its removal during wastewater and drinking water treatment. Laboratory ozonation experiments showed a fast oxidation of M1, accompanied by the formation of several ozonation products. Certain ozonation products (identities confirmed via synthesized reference standards) were also detected in water samples collected after ozonation in a full-scale WWTP. Overall lower signal intensities were observed in the effluents of a sand filter and biologically active granular activated carbon filter, suggesting that the compounds were significantly removed during these post-ozonation treatment stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finnian Freeling
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Str. 84, Karlsruhe 76139, Germany
| | - Dominic Armbruster
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Str. 84, Karlsruhe 76139, Germany
| | - Karsten Nödler
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Str. 84, Karlsruhe 76139, Germany
| | - Uwe Kunkel
- Bavarian Environment Agency (LfU), Bürgermeister-Ulrich-Straße 160, 86179, Germany
| | - Marco Scheurer
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruher Str. 84, Karlsruhe 76139, Germany; Landesanstalt für Umwelt Baden-Württemberg (LUBW), Griesbachstr.1-3, Karlsruhe 76185, Germany
| | - Jan Koschorreck
- German Environment Agency, Bismarckplatz 1, Berlin 14193, Germany
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, Koblenz 56068, Germany.
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Caleffi GS, Rosa AS, de Souza LG, Avelar JLS, Nascimento SMR, de Almeida VM, Tucci AR, Ferreira VN, da Silva AJM, Santos-Filho OA, Miranda MD, Costa PRR. Aurones: A Promising Scaffold to Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Replication. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:1536-1549. [PMID: 37257024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Aurones are a small subgroup of flavonoids in which the basic C6-C3-C6 skeleton is arranged as (Z)-2-benzylidenebenzofuran-3(2H)-one. These compounds are structural isomers of flavones and flavonols, natural products reported as potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 replication. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of a series of 25 aurones bearing different oxygenated groups (OH, OCH3, OCH2OCH3, OCH2O, OCF2H, and OCH2C6H4R) at the A- and/or B-rings using cell-based screening assays. We observed that 12 of the 25 compounds exhibit EC50 < 3 μM (8e, 8h, 8j, 8k, 8l, 8m, 8p, 8q, 8r, 8w, 8x, and 8y), of which five presented EC50 < 1 μM (8h, 8m, 8p, 8q, and 8w) without evident cytotoxic effect in Calu-3 cells. The substitution of the A- and/or B-ring with OCH3, OCH2OCH3, and OCF2H groups seems beneficial for the antiviral activity, while the corresponding phenolic derivatives showed a significant decrease in the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. The most potent compound of the series, aurone 8q (EC50 = 0.4 μM, SI = 2441.3), is 2 to 3 times more effective than the polyphenolic flavonoids myricetin (2) and baicalein (1), respectively. Investigation of the five more active compounds as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro based on molecular dynamic calculations suggested that these aurones should detach from the active site of 3CLpro, and, probably, they could bind to another SARS-CoV-2 protein target (either receptor or enzyme).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice S Rosa
- Laboratório de Morfologia e Morfogênese Viral, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Amanda R Tucci
- Laboratório de Morfologia e Morfogênese Viral, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vivian N Ferreira
- Laboratório de Morfologia e Morfogênese Viral, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Milene D Miranda
- Laboratório de Morfologia e Morfogênese Viral, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Loison A, Hanquet G, Toulgoat F, Billard T, Panossian A, Leroux FR. Ketenimines as Intermediates To Access Difluoromethoxylated Scaffolds. Org Lett 2022; 24:8316-8321. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Loison
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, ECPM, UMR 7042-LIMA, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gilles Hanquet
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, ECPM, UMR 7042-LIMA, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabien Toulgoat
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246), 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
- CPE Lyon, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Thierry Billard
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246), 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Armen Panossian
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, ECPM, UMR 7042-LIMA, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Frédéric R. Leroux
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, ECPM, UMR 7042-LIMA, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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Barata‐Vallejo S, Bonesi SM, Postigo A. Trifluoromethoxylation Reactions of (Hetero) arenes, Olefinic Systems and Aliphatic Saturated Substrates. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201776. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Barata‐Vallejo
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Universidad de Buenos Aires Junin 954 CP 1113 Buenos Aires Argentina
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività ISOF Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via P. Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Sergio M. Bonesi
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad de Buenos Aires Ciudad Universitaria C1428EGA Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Al Postigo
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Universidad de Buenos Aires Junin 954 CP 1113 Buenos Aires Argentina
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Vinayagam V, Karre SK, Kasu SR, Srinath R, Naveen Babu Bathula HS, Sadhukhan SK. AlCl 3-Mediated CHF 2 Transfer and Cyclocondensation of Difluoromethoxy Functionalized o-Phenylenediamines to Access N-Substituted Benzimidazoles. Org Lett 2022; 24:6142-6147. [PMID: 35938941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report for the first time a transition-metal-free frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) catalyzed CHF2 group migration from an oxygen atom to the neighboring nitrogen atom, which led to the synthesis of N-substituted benzimidazoles at room temperature with excellent yields, broad functional group tolerance, and a short reaction time. The oxygen-attached difluoromethane acted as a C1 source in the synthesis of N-substituted benzimidazoles in the presence of AlCl3 by cleaving one C-O bond and two C-F bonds, resulting in formation of two new C-N bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinothkumar Vinayagam
- Curia India Pvt. Ltd (Formerly Albany Molecular Research, Hyderabad Research Centre), MN Park, Genome Valley, Shameerpet, RR District, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Satish Kumar Karre
- Curia India Pvt. Ltd (Formerly Albany Molecular Research, Hyderabad Research Centre), MN Park, Genome Valley, Shameerpet, RR District, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Sreenivasa Reddy Kasu
- Curia India Pvt. Ltd (Formerly Albany Molecular Research, Hyderabad Research Centre), MN Park, Genome Valley, Shameerpet, RR District, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Ravuri Srinath
- Curia India Pvt. Ltd (Formerly Albany Molecular Research, Hyderabad Research Centre), MN Park, Genome Valley, Shameerpet, RR District, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Hema Sundar Naveen Babu Bathula
- Curia India Pvt. Ltd (Formerly Albany Molecular Research, Hyderabad Research Centre), MN Park, Genome Valley, Shameerpet, RR District, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Subir Kumar Sadhukhan
- Curia India Pvt. Ltd (Formerly Albany Molecular Research, Hyderabad Research Centre), MN Park, Genome Valley, Shameerpet, RR District, Hyderabad 500078, India
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