1
|
Hou J, Chevallier-Michaud S, Jean M, Favre L, Hérault D, Bressy C. Physical Separation of Enantiomeric Products by Compartmentalized Parallel Kinetic Resolution. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27236-27241. [PMID: 38079226 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Accessing each enantiomer of a chiral molecule starting from a racemic mixture remains a daunting challenge in chemistry. Indeed, until now, only a few solutions exist to separate enantiomers of an equimolar mixture of a chiral precursor. In this study, we establish a new strategy to prepare simultaneously and physically separate both enantioenriched enantiomers of a molecule starting from a racemic substrate. This process combines two enantiomeric catalytic systems, working in parallel, and separation by an achiral membrane with selective permeability. This unprecedented system was successfully applied to the simultaneous preparation of both enantiomers of chiral 1,2-diols starting from racemic epoxides using Jacobsen's hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR) in parallel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingke Hou
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, AMUTech, Marseille 13397, France
| | | | - Marion Jean
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, AMUTech, Marseille 13397, France
| | - Luc Favre
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IM2NP, AMUTech, Marseille 13397, France
| | - Damien Hérault
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, AMUTech, Marseille 13397, France
| | - Cyril Bressy
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, AMUTech, Marseille 13397, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Momeni T, Zadsirjan V, Hadi Meshkatalsadat M, Pourmohammadi‐Mahunaki M. Applications of Cobalt‐Catalyzed Reactions in the Total Synthesis of Natural Products. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tayebeh Momeni
- Department of Chemistry Qom University of Technology Qom Iran 3718146645
- Department of Chemistry School of Science Alzahra University Vanak Tehran Iran
| | - Vahideh Zadsirjan
- Department of Chemistry Malek Ashtar University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Solís‐Muñana P, Salam J, Ren CZ, Carr B, Whitten AE, Warr GG, Chen JL. An Amphiphilic (salen)Co Complex – Utilizing Hydrophobic Interactions to Enhance the Efficiency of a Cooperative Catalyst. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Solís‐Muñana
- Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences School of Science Auckland University of Technology 34 St Paul St 1010 Auckland New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology 6011 Wellington New Zealand
| | - Joanne Salam
- Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences School of Science Auckland University of Technology 34 St Paul St 1010 Auckland New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology 6011 Wellington New Zealand
| | - Chloe Z.‐J. Ren
- Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences School of Science Auckland University of Technology 34 St Paul St 1010 Auckland New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology 6011 Wellington New Zealand
| | - Bronte Carr
- Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences School of Science Auckland University of Technology 34 St Paul St 1010 Auckland New Zealand
| | - Andrew E. Whitten
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) New Illawarra Rd 2234 Lucas Heights, NSW Australia
| | - Gregory G. Warr
- School of Chemistry The University of Sydney 2006 Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Jack L.‐Y. Chen
- Centre for Biomedical and Chemical Sciences School of Science Auckland University of Technology 34 St Paul St 1010 Auckland New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology 6011 Wellington New Zealand
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Università degli Studi di Siena Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
|
6
|
Tak R, Kumar M, Menapara T, Gupta N, Kureshy RI, Khan NUH, Suresh E. Asymmetric Hydrolytic and Aminolytic Kinetic Resolution of Racemic Epoxides using Recyclable Macrocyclic Chiral Cobalt(III) Salen Complexes. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201700788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Tak
- Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Division; CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute; G. B. Marg Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR); G. B. Marg Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Division; CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute; G. B. Marg Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat India
| | - Tusharkumar Menapara
- Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Division; CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute; G. B. Marg Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR); G. B. Marg Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat India
| | - Naveen Gupta
- Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Division; CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute; G. B. Marg Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR); G. B. Marg Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat India
| | - Rukhsana I. Kureshy
- Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Division; CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute; G. B. Marg Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR); G. B. Marg Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat India
| | - Noor-ul H. Khan
- Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Division; CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute; G. B. Marg Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR); G. B. Marg Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat India
| | - E. Suresh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research; CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR); G. B. Marg Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat India
- Analytical Division and Centralized Instrument Facility; CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute; G. B. Marg Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zou X, Shi K, Wang C. Chiral MnIII(Salen) supported on tunable phenoxyl group modified zirconium poly (styrene-phenylvinylphosphonate)-phosphate as an efficient catalyst for epoxidation of unfunctionalized olefins. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(14)60064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
8
|
White DE, Tadross PM, Lu Z, Jacobsen EN. A broadly applicable and practical oligomeric (salen) Co catalyst for enantioselective epoxide ring-opening reactions. Tetrahedron 2014; 70:4165-4180. [PMID: 25045188 PMCID: PMC4096935 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The (salen) Co catalyst (4a) can be prepared as a mixture of cyclic oligomers in a short, chromatography-free synthesis from inexpensive, commercially available precursors. This catalyst displays remarkable enhancements in reactivity and enantioselectivity relative to monomeric and other multimeric (salen) Co catalysts in a wide variety of enantioselective epoxide ring-opening reactions. The application of catalyst 4a is illustrated in the kinetic resolution of terminal epoxides by nucleophilic ring-opening with water, phenols, and primary alcohols; the desymmetrization of meso epoxides by addition of water and carbamates; and the desymmetrization of oxetanes by intramolecular ring opening with alcohols and phenols. The favorable solubility properties of complex 4a under the catalytic conditions facilitated mechanistic studies, allowing elucidation of the basis for the beneficial effect of oligomerization. Finally, a catalyst selection guide is provided to delineate the specific advantages of oligomeric catalyst 4a relative to (salen) Co monomer 1 for each reaction class.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David E White
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Pamela M Tadross
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Zhe Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Eric N Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chung WJ, Carlson JS, Vanderwal CD. General approach to the synthesis of the chlorosulfolipids danicalipin A, mytilipin A, and malhamensilipin A in enantioenriched form. J Org Chem 2014; 79:2226-41. [PMID: 24494597 PMCID: PMC3954434 DOI: 10.1021/jo5000829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
A second-generation synthesis of three structurally related chlorosulfolipids has been developed. Key advances include highly stereocontrolled additions to α,β-dichloroaldehydes, kinetic resolutions of complex chlorinated vinyl epoxide intermediates, and Z-selective alkene cross metatheses of cis-vinyl epoxides. This strategy facilitated the synthesis of enantioenriched danicalipin A, mytilipin A, and malhamensilipin A in nine, eight, and 11 steps, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won-jin Chung
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences
II, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph S. Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences
II, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Christopher D. Vanderwal
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences
II, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Pellissier
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Hervé Clavier
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2 UMR 7313 13397, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Through kinetic analysis and optimization, we report an improved resolution of terminal 1,2-diols via asymmetric silyl transfer. Because the reaction is a regiodivergent resolution, the monoprotected product could be isolated in excess of 95:5 er and 40% yield. The described method offers a means of chemically differentiating a terminal 1,2-diol with concomitant resolution of the enantiomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Sun
- Boston College , 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467-3860, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Birrell JA, Jacobsen EN. A practical method for the synthesis of highly enantioenriched trans-1,2-amino alcohols. Org Lett 2013; 15:2895-7. [PMID: 23742206 DOI: 10.1021/ol401013s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A highly enantioselective addition of phenyl carbamate to meso-epoxides has been developed to efficiently generate protected trans-1,2-amino alcohols. This transformation is promoted by an oligomeric (salen)Co-OTf catalyst and has been used to prepare two useful 2-aminocycloalkanol hydrochlorides in enantiopure form on a multigram scale from commercially available starting materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James A Birrell
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rajapaksa NS, McGowan MA, Rienzo M, Jacobsen EN. Enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-reserpine. Org Lett 2013; 15:706-9. [PMID: 23331099 DOI: 10.1021/ol400046n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A catalytic, enantioselective synthesis of (+)-reserpine is reported. The route features a highly diastereoselective, chiral catalyst-controlled formal aza-Diels-Alder reaction between a 6-methoxytryptamine-derived dihydro-β-carboline and an enantioenriched α-substituted enone to form a key tetracyclic intermediate. This approach addresses the challenge of setting the C3 stereogenic center by using catalyst control. Elaboration of the tetracycle to (+)-reserpine includes an intramolecular aldol cyclization and a highly diastereoselective hydrogenation of a sterically hindered enoate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi S Rajapaksa
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ibrahim F, Nasrallah H, Hong X, Mellah M, Hachem A, Ibrahim G, Jaber N, Schulz E. Synthesis and characterization of original calix–salen type ligands. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
15
|
Kochem A, Kanso H, Baptiste B, Arora H, Philouze C, Jarjayes O, Vezin H, Luneau D, Orio M, Thomas F. Ligand contributions to the electronic structures of the oxidized cobalt(II) salen complexes. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:10557-71. [PMID: 23013360 DOI: 10.1021/ic300763t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Square planar cobalt(II) complexes of salen ligands N,N'-bis(3-tert-butyl-5R-salicylidene)-1,2-cyclohexanediamine), where R = OMe (1) and tert-butyl (2), were prepared. 1 and 2 were electrochemically reversibly oxidized into cations [1-H(2)O](+) and [2-H(2)O](+) in CH(2)Cl(2). The chemically generated [1-H(2)O](SbF(6))·0.68 H(2)O·0.82CH(2)Cl(2) and [2-H(2)O](SbF(6))·0.3H(2)O·0.85CH(2)Cl(2) were characterized by X-ray diffraction and NIR spectroscopy. Both complexes are paramagnetic species containing a square pyramidal cobalt ion coordinated at the apical position by an exogenous water molecule. They exhibit remarkable NIR bands at 1220 (7370 M(-1) cm(-1)) and 1060 nm (5560 M(-1) cm(-1)), respectively, assigned to a CT transition. DFT calculations and magnetic measurements confirm the paramagnetic (S = 1) ground spin state of the cations. They show that more than 70% of the total spin density in [1-H(2)O](+) and [2-H(2)O](+) is localized on the metal, the remaining spin density being distributed over the aromatic rings (30% phenoxyl character). In the presence of N-methylimidazole 1 and 2 are irreversibly oxidized by air into the genuine octahedral cobalt(III) bis(phenolate) complexes [1-im(2)](+) and [2-im(2)](+), the former being structurally characterized. Neither [1-im(2)](+) nor [2-im(2)](+) exhibits a NIR feature in its electronic spectrum. 1 and 2 were electrochemically two-electron oxidized into [1](2+) and [2](2+). The cations were identified as Co(III)-phenoxyl species by their characteristic absorption band at ca. 400 nm in the UV-vis spectrum. Coordination of the phenoxyl radical to the cobalt(III) metal ion is evidenced by the EPR signal centered at g = 2.00.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Kochem
- Equipe de Chimie Inorganique Redox Biomimétique, Département de Chimie Moléculaire, Université Joseph Fourier, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vinck E, Carter E, Murphy DM, Van Doorslaer S. Observation of an Organic Acid Mediated Spin State Transition in a Co(II)–Schiff Base Complex: An EPR, HYSCORE, and DFT Study. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:8014-24. [DOI: 10.1021/ic300058p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evi Vinck
- Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Emma Carter
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff
CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Damien M. Murphy
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff
CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sadhukhan A, Khan NUH, Roy T, Kureshy RI, Abdi SHR, Bajaj HC. Asymmetric hydrolytic kinetic resolution with recyclable macrocyclic Co(III)-salen complexes: a practical strategy in the preparation of (R)-mexiletine and (S)-propranolol. Chemistry 2012; 18:5256-60. [PMID: 22422658 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A chiral cobalt(III) complex (1e) was synthesized by the interaction of cobalt(II) acetate and ferrocenium hexafluorophosphate with a chiral dinuclear macrocyclic salen ligand that was derived from 1R,2R-(-)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane with trigol bis-aldehyde. A variety of epoxides and glycidyl ethers were suitable substrates for the reaction with water in the presence of chiral macrocyclic salen complex 1e at room temperature to afford chiral epoxides and diols by hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR). Excellent yields (47% with respect to the epoxides, 53% with respect to the diols) and high enantioselectivity (ee>99% for the epoxides, up to 96% for the diols) were achieved in 2.5-16 h. The Co(III) macrocyclic salen complex (1e) maintained its performance on a multigram scale and was expediently recycled a number of times. We further extended our study of chiral epoxides that were synthesized by using HKR to the synthesis of chiral drug molecules (R)-mexiletine and (S)-propranolol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arghya Sadhukhan
- Discipline of Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar-364 021, Gujarat, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Worthy AD, Sun X, Tan KL. Site-selective catalysis: toward a regiodivergent resolution of 1,2-diols. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:7321-4. [PMID: 22515351 DOI: 10.1021/ja3027086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates that the secondary hydroxyl can be functionalized in preference to the primary hydroxyl of a 1,2-diol. The site selectivity is achieved by using an enantioselective organic catalyst that is able to bond to the diol reversibly and covalently. The reaction has been parlayed into a divergent kinetic resolution on a racemic mixture, providing access to highly enantioenriched secondary-protected 1,2-diols in a single synthetic step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda D Worthy
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Shaghafi MB, Grote RE, Jarvo ER. Oxazolidine Synthesis by Complementary Stereospecific and Stereoconvergent Methods. Org Lett 2011; 13:5188-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ol202068p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Shaghafi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Robin E. Grote
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Elizabeth R. Jarvo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bolotov PM, Khrustalev VN, Maleev VI. New biionic transition metal complexes based on the salen ligands: synthesis and application as synthons in the preparation of chiral homo- and heterobimetallic systems. Russ Chem Bull 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-011-0241-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
21
|
|
22
|
Liu Y, Rawlston J, Swann AT, Takatani T, Sherrill CD, Ludovice PJ, Weck M. The bigger, the better: Ring-size effects of macrocyclic oligomeric Co(iii)-salen catalysts. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00517g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
23
|
Affiliation(s)
- Mudassir Iqbal
- a Laboratory of Molecular Nanofabrication, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 , AE Enschede , The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- a Laboratory of Molecular Nanofabrication, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 , AE Enschede , The Netherlands
| | - Willem Verboom
- a Laboratory of Molecular Nanofabrication, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 , AE Enschede , The Netherlands
| | - Michal Sypula
- b Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Institute of Energy Research, Safety Research and Reactor Technology , 52425 , Juelich , Germany
| | - Giuseppe Modolo
- b Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Institute of Energy Research, Safety Research and Reactor Technology , 52425 , Juelich , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
McGowan MA, Stevenson CP, Schiffler MA, Jacobsen EN. An enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-peloruside A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:6147-50. [PMID: 20586089 PMCID: PMC2993561 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201002177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meredeth A. McGowan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Christian P. Stevenson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Matthew A. Schiffler
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Eric N. Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, Fax: (+1) 617-496-1880
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zulauf A, Mellah M, Schulz E. New Chiral Calixsalen Chromium Complexes: Recyclable Asymmetric Catalysts. Chemistry 2010; 16:11108-14. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
26
|
Zhu X, Venkatasubbaiah K, Weck M, Jones CW. Kinetic Evaluation of Cooperative [Co(salen)] Catalysts in the Hydrolytic Kinetic Resolution of rac-Epichlorohydrin. ChemCatChem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
27
|
McGowan M, Stevenson C, Schiffler M, Jacobsen E. An Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (+)-Peloruside A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201002177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
28
|
Ma DY, Norouzi-Arasi H, Sheibani E, Wärnmark K. Dynamic Supramolecular [(Salen)CrCl] Complexes as Efficient Catalysts for Ring Opening of Epoxides. ChemCatChem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
29
|
Vinck E, Murphy DM, Fallis IA, Strevens RR, Van Doorslaer S. Formation of a cobalt(III)-phenoxyl radical complex by acetic acid promoted aerobic oxidation of a Co(II)salen complex. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:2083-92. [PMID: 20121216 DOI: 10.1021/ic901849e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The activation of N,N'-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-1,2-cyclohexane-diamino Co(II), [Co(II)(1)], by the addition of acetic acid under aerobic conditions has been investigated by a range of spectroscopic techniques including continuous-wave EPR, HYSCORE, pulsed ENDOR, and resonance Raman. These measurements have revealed for the first time the formation of a coordinated cobalt(III)-bound phenoxyl radical labeled [Co(III)(1(*))(OAc)(n)](OAc)(m) (n = m = 1 or n = 2, m = 0). This cobalt(III)-bound phenoxyl radical is characterized by the following spin Hamiltonian parameters: g(x) = 2.0060, g(y) = 2.0031, g(z) = 1.9943, A(x) = 17 MHz, A(y) = 55 MHz, and A(z) = 14 MHz. Although the radical contains coordinated acetate(s), the experiments unambiguously proved that the phenoxyl radical is situated on ligand (1) as opposed to a phenoxyl radical ligated to cobalt in the axial position. Density functional theory computations on different models corroborate the stability of such a phenoxyl radical species and suggest the ligation of one or two acetate molecules to the complex. A mechanism is proposed, which accounts for the formation of this unusual and extremely robust phenoxyl radical, never previously observed for [Co(1)].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evi Vinck
- Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Haak RM, Wezenberg SJ, Kleij AW. Cooperative multimetallic catalysis using metallosalens. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:2713-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c001392g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
31
|
Keilitz J, Haag R. Intramolecular Acceleration of Asymmetric Epoxide Ring-Opening by Dendritic Polyglycerol Salen-CrIIIComplexes. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
32
|
Kim YS, Guo XF, Kim GJ. Highly active new chiral Co(III) salen catalysts immobilized by electrostatic interaction with sulfonic acid linkages on ordered mesoporous SBA-16 silica. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:4296-8. [PMID: 19585052 DOI: 10.1039/b906350a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New chiral cobalt(III) salen complexes immobilized via HO3S-linkers on ordered SBA-16 by electrostatic interactions showed very high activity in enantioselective ring-opening reactions of racemic epoxides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Suk Kim
- Fine Material Synthesis Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, Inha University, 253 Yonghyun-dong, Nam-gu, Incheon, 402-751, South Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Loy RN, Jacobsen EN. Enantioselective intramolecular openings of oxetanes catalyzed by (salen)Co(III) complexes: access to enantioenriched tetrahydrofurans. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:2786-7. [PMID: 19199427 PMCID: PMC2765541 DOI: 10.1021/ja809176m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic enantioselective intramolecular ring-opening of oxetanes with alcohols is catalyzed by (salen)Co(III) complexes. Either a monomeric or oligomeric catalyst can be used successfully in this transformation, providing 3-substituted tetrahydrofurans in both high yield and enantioselectivity. This methodology extends the range of electrophiles that can be activated toward highly enantioselective addition reactions by (salen)metal catalysts to an important new class.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca N. Loy
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Eric N. Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Forbes DC, Bettigeri SV, Patrawala SA, Pischek SC, Standen MC. S-Methylidene Agents: Preparation of Chiral Non-Racemic Heterocycles. Tetrahedron 2009; 65:70-76. [PMID: 20049065 PMCID: PMC2657720 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of sulfur ylide with aldehyde, imine, and ketone functionality affords the desired three-membered heterocycle in excellent yield. The sulfur ylide is generated in situ upon decarboxylation of carboxymethylsulfonium betaine functionality. Of the seven carboxymethylsulfonium betaine derivatives surveyed, the highest level of conversion of π-acceptor to heterocycle was obtained having S-methyl and S-phenyl functionality bound to a thioacetate derivative. Methylene aziridinations and epoxidations involving the decarboxylation of carboxymethylsulfonium betaine functionality complements existing technologies with the advantages of the reaction protocol, levels of conversion and scope. While moderate levels of diastereocontrol were observed in the aziridination of imine functionality, the four oxiranes resolved using Jacobsen's Co(II)-salen complex were obtained in both high yield and enantioselectivity. The isolated chiral non-racemic oxiranes constitute the formal synthesis of chelonin-B and combretastatin starting from 3-bromo-4-methoxybenzaldehyde and 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David C. Forbes
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | | | - Samit A. Patrawala
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Susanna C. Pischek
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kleij AW. Nonsymmetrical Salen Ligands and Their Complexes: Synthesis and Applications. Eur J Inorg Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200800936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arjan W. Kleij
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain, Fax: +34‐977‐920‐224
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. LLuís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Madhavan N, Takatani T, Sherrill C, Weck M. Macrocyclic Cyclooctene-Supported AlCl-Salen Catalysts for Conjugated Addition Reactions: Effect of Linker and Support Structure on Catalysis. Chemistry 2008; 15:1186-94. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
37
|
Madhavan N, Jones CW, Weck M. Rational approach to polymer-supported catalysts: synergy between catalytic reaction mechanism and polymer design. Acc Chem Res 2008; 41:1153-65. [PMID: 18793027 DOI: 10.1021/ar800081y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Supported catalysis is emerging as a cornerstone of transition metal catalysis, as environmental awareness necessitates "green" methodologies and transition metal resources become scarcer and more expensive. Although these supported systems are quite useful, especially in their capacity for transition metal catalyst recycling and recovery, higher activity and selectivity have been elusive compared with nonsupported catalysts. This Account describes recent developments in polymer-supported metal-salen complexes, which often surpass nonsupported analogues in catalytic activity and selectivity, demonstrating the effectiveness of a systematic, logical approach to designing supported catalysts from a detailed understanding of the catalytic reaction mechanism. Over the past few decades, a large number of transition metal complex catalysts have been supported on a variety of materials ranging from polymers to mesoporous silica. In particular, soluble polymer supports are advantageous because of the development of controlled and living polymerization methods that are tolerant to a wide variety of functional groups, including controlled radical polymerizations and ring-opening metathesis polymerization. These methods allow for tuning the density and structure of the catalyst sites along the polymer chain, thereby enabling the development of structure-property relationships between a catalyst and its polymer support. The fine-tuning of the catalyst-support interface, in combination with a detailed understanding of catalytic reaction mechanisms, not only permits the generation of reusable and recyclable polymer-supported catalysts but also facilitates the design and realization of supported catalysts that are significantly more active and selective than their nonsupported counterparts. These superior supported catalysts are accessible through the optimization of four basic variables in their design: (i) polymer backbone rigidity, (ii) the nature of the linker, (iii) catalyst site density, and (iv) the nature of the catalyst attachment. Herein, we describe the design of polymer supports tuned to enhance the catalytic activity or decrease, or even eliminate, decomposition pathways of salen-based transition metal catalysts that follow either a monometallic or a bimetallic reaction mechanism. These findings result in the creation of some of the most active and selective salen catalysts in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nandita Madhavan
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Christopher W. Jones
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Marcus Weck
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
- Molecular Design Institute and Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kinetic resolution of phosphoryl and sulfonyl esters of 1,1′-bi-2-naphthol via Pd-catalyzed alcoholysis of their vinyl ethers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2008.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
39
|
Belser T, Jacobsen E. Cooperative Catalysis in the Hydrolytic Kinetic Resolution of Epoxides by Chiral [(salen)Co(III)] Complexes Immobilized on Gold Colloids. Adv Synth Catal 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200800028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
40
|
Mazet C, Jacobsen EN. Dinuclear {(salen)Al} complexes display expanded scope in the conjugate cyanation of alpha,beta-unsaturated imides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:1762-5. [PMID: 18219639 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200704461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clément Mazet
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Mazet C, Jacobsen E. Dinuclear {(salen)Al} Complexes Display Expanded Scope in the Conjugate Cyanation of α,β-Unsaturated Imides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200704461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
42
|
Urbanczyk-Pearson LM, Meade TJ. Preparation of magnetic resonance contrast agents activated by β-galactosidase. Nat Protoc 2008; 3:341-50. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2007.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
43
|
Zheng X, Jones C, Weck M. Engineering Polymer-Enhanced Bimetallic Cooperative Interactions in the Hydrolytic Kinetic Resolution of Epoxides. Adv Synth Catal 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200700339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
44
|
Berkessel A, Rollmann C, Chamouleau F, Labs S, May O, Gröger H. Practical Two-Step Synthesis of an Enantiopure Aliphatic Terminal (S)-Epoxide Based on Reduction of Haloalkanones with “Designer Cells”. Adv Synth Catal 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200700244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
45
|
Welzel P. A long research story culminates in the first total synthesis of moenomycin A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:4825-9. [PMID: 17549780 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200700765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Welzel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Adachi M, Zhang Y, Leimkuhler C, Sun B, LaTour JV, Kahne DE. Degradation and reconstruction of moenomycin A and derivatives: dissecting the function of the isoprenoid chain. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 128:14012-3. [PMID: 17061868 PMCID: PMC3197780 DOI: 10.1021/ja065905c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Moenomycin A is the only known natural product that inhibits peptidoglycan biosynthesis by binding the bacterial transglycosylases. We describe a degradation/reconstruction route to manipulate the reducing end of moenomycin A. A comparison of the biological and enzyme inhibitory activity of moenomycin A and an analogue containing a nerol lipid in place of the natural C25 lipid chain provides insight into the role of the moenocinol unit. Our results show that a lipid chain having ten carbons in moenocinol is sufficient for enzyme inhibition, but a longer chain is required for biological acitivity, apparently because the molecule must partition into biological membranes to reach its target in bacterial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaatsu Adachi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Catherine Leimkuhler
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Binyuan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - John V. LaTour
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Daniel E. Kahne
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Synthesis of Chiral Intermediates Catalyzed by New Chiral Polymeric (Salen) Cobalt Complexes Bearing Lewis Acidic Metal Halides. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2007. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2007.28.9.1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
48
|
Jain S, Zheng X, Jones CW, Weck M, Davis RJ. Importance of Counterion Reactivity on the Deactivation of Co−Salen Catalysts in the Hydrolytic Kinetic Resolution of Epichlorohydrin. Inorg Chem 2007; 46:8887-96. [PMID: 17850142 DOI: 10.1021/ic700782f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Possible modes of deactivation of Jacobsen's Co-salen catalyst during the hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR) of epichlorohydrin were explored by UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, combined with recycling studies. Although an active Co(III)-salen catalyst deactivated substantially after multiple cycles without regeneration, the catalyst maintained its +3 oxidation state throughout the runs. Thus, deactivation of Co-salen during HKR was not the result of Co reduction. The mass spectrum of a deactivated material showed that catalyst dimerization does not account for the loss of activity. Results from various catalyst pretreatment tests, as well as from catalysts containing various counterions (acetate, tosylate, chloride, iodide) indicated that the rate of addition of the Co-salen counterions to epoxide forming Co-OH during the reaction correlated with deactivation. The extent of counterion addition to epoxide was influenced by the exposure time and the nucleophilicity of the counterion. An oligo(cyclooctene)-supported Co-OAc salen catalyst, which was 25 times more active than the standard Co-salen catalyst, was recycled multiple times with negligible deactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Jain
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
|
50
|
Walsh PJ, Li H, de Parrodi CA. A green chemistry approach to asymmetric catalysis: solvent-free and highly concentrated reactions. Chem Rev 2007; 107:2503-45. [PMID: 17530908 PMCID: PMC2525622 DOI: 10.1021/cr0509556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Walsh
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Chemistry, 231 South 34 Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Hongmei Li
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Chemistry, 231 South 34 Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Cecilia Anaya de Parrodi
- Universidad de las Américas-Puebla, Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Santa Catarina Mártir s/n, Cholula Puebla, 72820, México
| |
Collapse
|