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Abstract
Deracemization, which converts a racemate into its single enantiomer without separation of the intermediate, has gained renewed interest in asymmetric synthesis with its inherent atomic economy and high efficiency. However, this ideal process requires selective energy input and delicate reaction design to surmount the thermodynamical and kinetical constraints. With the rapid development of asymmetric catalysis, many catalytic strategies in concert with exogenous energy input have been exploited to facilitate this nonspontaneous enantioenrichment. In this perspective, we will discuss the basic ideas to accomplish catalytic deracemization, categorized by the three major exogenous energy sources including chemical (redox)-, photo- and mechanical energy from attrition. Emphasis will be given to the catalytic features and the underlying deracemization mechanism together with perspectives on future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouxin Huang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Third Military of Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Tianrun Pan
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xieyang Jiang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sanzhong Luo
- Center of Basic Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Lauder K, Anselmi S, Finnigan JD, Qi Y, Charnock SJ, Castagnolo D. Enantioselective Synthesis of α-Thiocarboxylic Acids by Nitrilase Biocatalysed Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of α-Thionitriles. Chemistry 2020; 26:10422-10426. [PMID: 32239730 PMCID: PMC7496879 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The enantioselective synthesis of α-thiocarboxylic acids by biocatalytic dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of nitrile precursors exploiting nitrilase enzymes is described. A panel of 35 nitrilase biocatalysts were screened and enzymes Nit27 and Nit34 were found to catalyse the DKR of racemic α-thionitriles under mild conditions, affording the corresponding carboxylic acids with high conversions and good-to-excellent ee. The ammonia produced in situ during the biocatalytic transformation favours the racemization of the nitrile enantiomers and, in turn, the DKR without the need of any external additive base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Lauder
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical SciencesKing's College London150 Stamford StreetSE1 9NHLondonUK
| | - Silvia Anselmi
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical SciencesKing's College London150 Stamford StreetSE1 9NHLondonUK
| | - James D. Finnigan
- Prozomix LimitedWest End Industrial Estate, HaltwhistleNorthumberlandNE49 9HAUK
| | - Yuyin Qi
- Prozomix LimitedWest End Industrial Estate, HaltwhistleNorthumberlandNE49 9HAUK
| | - Simon J. Charnock
- Prozomix LimitedWest End Industrial Estate, HaltwhistleNorthumberlandNE49 9HAUK
| | - Daniele Castagnolo
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical SciencesKing's College London150 Stamford StreetSE1 9NHLondonUK
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Bertin S, Yates K, Petrie B. Enantiospecific behaviour of chiral drugs in soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114364. [PMID: 32443211 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The importance of stereochemistry on the behaviour and effects of chiral pharmaceutical and illicit drugs in amended agricultural soils has been over looked to date. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating the enantiospecific behaviour of a chemically diverse range of chiral drugs including naproxen, ibuprofen, salbutamol, bisoprolol, metoprolol, propranolol, acebutolol, atenolol, chlorpheniramine, amphetamine, fluoxetine and citalopram in soil microcosms. Considerable changes of the enantiomeric composition of ibuprofen, naproxen, atenolol, acebutolol and amphetamine were observed within 56 d. This is significant as enantiomer enrichment can favour the pharmacologically active (e.g., S(-)-atenolol) or less/non-active forms of the drug (e.g., R(-)-amphetamine). Single enantiomer microcosms showed enantiospecific degradation was responsible for enantiomer enrichment of atenolol and amphetamine. However, naproxen and ibuprofen enantiomers were subject to chiral inversion whereby one enantiomer converts to its antipode. Interestingly, chiral inversion was bidirectional and this is the first time it is reported in soil. Therefore, introduction of the less active enantiomer to soil through irrigation with reclaimed wastewater or biosolids as fertiliser can result in the formation of its active enantiomer, or vice versa. This phenomenon needs considered in risk assessment frameworks to avoid underestimating the risk posed by chiral drugs in amended soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Bertin
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Kyari Yates
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Bruce Petrie
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB10 7GJ, UK.
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Khan SJ, Wang L, Hashim NH, Mcdonald JA. Distinct Enantiomeric Signals of Ibuprofen and Naproxen in Treated Wastewater and Sewer Overflow. Chirality 2013; 26:739-46. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J. Khan
- UNSW Water Research Centre; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering; University of New South Wales, NSW; Australia
| | - Lili Wang
- UNSW Water Research Centre; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering; University of New South Wales, NSW; Australia
| | - Nor H. Hashim
- UNSW Water Research Centre; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering; University of New South Wales, NSW; Australia
- University of Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - James A. Mcdonald
- UNSW Water Research Centre; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering; University of New South Wales, NSW; Australia
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Hashim NH, Nghiem LD, Stuetz RM, Khan SJ. Enantiospecific fate of ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen in a laboratory-scale membrane bioreactor. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:6249-6258. [PMID: 21974875 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The enantiospecific fate of three common pharmaceuticals was monitored in a laboratory-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR). The MBR was operated with a hydraulic retention time of 24 h and a mixed liquor suspended solids concentration of 8.6-10 g/L. Standard solutions of ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen were dosed into the synthetic feed of the MBR. Influent and permeate samples were then collected for enantiospecific analysis. The individual (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of the three pharmaceuticals were derivatised using a chiral derivatizing agent to form pairs of diastereomers, which could then be separated and analysed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Accurate quantitation of individual enantiomers was undertaken by an isotope dilution process. By comparing the total concentration (as the sum of the two enantiomers) in the MBR influent and permeate, ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen concentrations were observed to have been reduced as much as 99%, 43% and 68%, respectively. Furthermore, evidence of enantioselective biodegradation was observed for all three pharmaceuticals. (S)-Ibuprofen was shown to be preferentially degraded compared to (R)-ibuprofen with an average decrease in enantiomeric fraction (EF) from 0.52 to 0.39. In contrast, (R)-ketoprofen was preferentially degraded compared to (S)-ketoprofen with a relatively minor increase in EF from 0.52 to 0.63. The use of a relatively pure enantiomeric solution of (S)-naproxen resulted in a significant change in EF from 0.99 to 0.65. However, this experiment consistently revealed significantly increased concentrations of (R)-naproxen during MBR treatment. It is hypothesised that the source of this (R)-naproxen was the enantiomeric inversion of (S)-naproxen. Such enantiomeric inversion of chiral pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment processes has not previously been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Hashim
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Hu Z, Ye W, Zou H, Yu Y. 2,2′-Biimidazole as an Efficient Ligand for Copper(I)-Catalyzed C‒N Coupling Reactions. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910902964791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Hu
- a College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
- b College of Science, Guangdong Ocean University , Zhanjiang , China
| | - Wei Ye
- a College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Hongbin Zou
- a College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Yongping Yu
- a College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
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PENG Y, LIU H, TANG M, CAI L, PIKE V. Highly EfficientN-Monomethylation of Primary Aryl Amines. CHINESE J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200990224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Conversion of α-methyltropate to optically active α-phenylpropionate by tropate-degrading Rhodococcus sp. KU1314. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2007.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Clarke ML, Roff GJ. Highly Regioselective Rhodium-Catalysed Hydroformylation of Unsaturated Esters: The First Practical Method for Quaternary Selective Carbonylation. Chemistry 2006; 12:7978-86. [PMID: 16991187 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Highly regioselective hydroformylation of unsaturated esters can be achieved when a highly reactive, ligand-modified, rhodium catalyst is employed near ambient temperatures (15-50 degrees C) and pressures over 30 bar. The use of 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-2,4,8-trioxa-6-phosphaadamantane shows distinct advantages over other commonly applied phosphanes in terms of reaction rate, and regio- and chemoselectivity. Hydroformylation of a range 1,1-di- and 1,1,2-trisubstituted unsaturated esters yields quaternary aldehydes that are forbidden products according to Keulemans Rule. The aldehydes can be reductively aminated with molecular hydrogen to give beta-amino acid esters in high yield. The overall green chemical process involves converting terminal alkynes into unusual beta-amino acid esters with only water generated as an essential byproduct. This catalytic system has also been applied to the hydroformylation of simple 1,2-disubstitued unsaturated esters, which have been hydroformylated with excellent alpha-selectivity and good chemoselectivity for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Clarke
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, EaSTChem, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK.
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Abstract
Several novel bioprocesses that have little or no counterpart in traditional methodology have recently been reported. The stereoselective and enantioselective hydrolysis of sec-alkyl sulfate esters by alkyl sulfatases proceeds with inversion of configuration and furnishes a homochiral product mixture. Haloalcohol dehalogenases were shown to accept various non-natural nucleophiles, such as azide, cyanide and nitrite for the asymmetric opening of epoxides giving rise to the corresponding azido-, cyano-, and nitro-alcohols as non-natural products. Asymmetric carbon-carbon bond formation via the acyloin- and benzoin-reaction was successfully catalyzed in water by novel lyases, such as benzoylformate decarboxylase and benzaldehyde lyase. New methods for the production of chiral nonracemic alpha-L-amino acids and amines were recently reported. Enantioselective stereoinversion of racemic alpha-aryl- and alpha-aryloxycarboxylic acids via epimerase-catalyzed inversion led to a single stereoisomeric product from the racemate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Faber
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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