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Chiral secondary amino acids, their importance, and methods of analysis. Amino Acids 2022; 54:687-719. [PMID: 35192062 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring secondary amino acids, with proline as the main representative, contain an alpha-imino group in a cycle that is typically four-, five-, and six-membered. The unique ring structure exhibits exceptional properties-conformational rigidity, chemical stability, and specific roles in protein structure and folding. Many proline analogues have been used as valuable compounds for the study of metabolism of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and for the synthesis of compounds with desired biological, pharmaceutical, or industrial properties. The D-forms of secondary amino acids play different roles in living organisms than the L-forms. They have different metabolic pathways, biological, physiological, and pharmacological effects, they can be indicators of changes and also serve as biomarkers of diseases. In the scientific literature, the number of articles examining D-amino acids in biological samples is increasing. The review summarises information on the occurrence and importance of D- and L-secondary amino acids-azetidic acid, proline, hydroxyprolines, pipecolic, nipecotic, hydroxypipecolic acids and related peptides containing these D-AAs, as well as the main analytical methods (mostly chromatographic) used for their enantiomeric determination in different matrices (biological samples, plants, food, water, and soil).
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2
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Byun S, Park HJ, Joo JC, Kim YH. Enzymatic Synthesis of D-pipecolic Acid by Engineering the Substrate Specificity of Trypanosoma cruzi Proline Racemase and Its Molecular Docking Study. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-018-0367-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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3
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An economically and environmentally acceptable synthesis of chiral drug intermediate l-pipecolic acid from biomass-derived lysine via artificially engineered microbes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 45:405-415. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-2044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Deficiency in petroleum resources and increasing environmental concerns have pushed a bio-based economy to be built, employing a highly reproducible, metal contaminant free, sustainable and green biomanufacturing method. Here, a chiral drug intermediate l-pipecolic acid has been synthesized from biomass-derived lysine. This artificial bioconversion system involves the coexpression of four functional genes, which encode l-lysine α-oxidase from Scomber japonicus, glucose dehydrogenase from Bacillus subtilis, Δ1-piperideine-2-carboxylase reductase from Pseudomonas putida, and lysine permease from Escherichia coli. Besides, a lysine degradation enzyme has been knocked out to strengthen the process in this microbe. The overexpression of LysP improved the l-pipecolic acid titer about 1.6-folds compared to the control. This engineered microbial factory showed the highest l-pipecolic acid production of 46.7 g/L reported to date and a higher productivity of 2.41 g/L h and a yield of 0.89 g/g. This biotechnological l-pipecolic acid production is a simple, economic, and green technology to replace the presently used chemical synthesis.
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Kohlmann J, Braun T, Laubenstein R, Herrmann R. Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reactions of Highly Fluorinated Arylboronic Esters: Catalytic Studies and Stoichiometric Model Reactions on the Transmetallation Step. Chemistry 2017; 23:12218-12232. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kohlmann
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Reik Laubenstein
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Roy Herrmann
- Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Germany
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Synthesis of enantiopure cyclic amino acid derivatives via a sequential diastereoselective Petasis reaction/ring closing olefin metathesis process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Optimized conversion of L-lysine to L-pipecolic acid using recombinant lysine cyclodeaminase from Streptomyces pristinaespiralis. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-014-0428-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Chavan SP, Khairnar LB, Pawar KP, Chavan PN, Kawale SA. Enantioselective syntheses of (R)-pipecolic acid, (2R,3R)-3-hydroxypipecolic acid, β-(+)-conhydrine and (−)-swainsonine using an aziridine derived common chiral synthon. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06429e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Concise total syntheses of (R)-pipecolic acid, (2R,3R)-3-hydroxypipecolic acid and formal syntheses of β-(+)-conhydrine, (−)-lentiginosine, (−)-swainsonine and -1,2-di-epi-swainsonine have been accomplished starting from a common chiral synthon.
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Tani Y, Miyake R, Yukami R, Dekishima Y, China H, Saito S, Kawabata H, Mihara H. Functional expression of L-lysine α-oxidase from Scomber japonicus in Escherichia coli for one-pot synthesis of L-pipecolic acid from DL-lysine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:5045-54. [PMID: 25547835 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6308-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
L-Pipecolic acid is a key component of biologically active molecules and a pharmaceutically important chiral building block. It can be stereoselectively produced from L-lysine by a two-step bioconversion involving L-lysine α-oxidase and ∆(1)-piperideine-2-carboxylae (Pip2C) reductase. In this study, we focused on an L-lysine α-oxidase from Scomber japonicus that was originally identified as an apoptosis-inducing protein (AIP) and applied the enzyme to one-pot fermentation of L-pipecolic acid in Escherichia coli. A synthetic gene coding for an AIP was expressed in E. coli, and the recombinant enzyme was purified and characterized. The purified enzyme was determined to be a homodimer with a molecular mass of 133.9 kDa. The enzyme essentially exhibited the same substrate specificity as the native enzyme. Optimal temperature and pH for the enzymatic reaction were 70 °C and 7.4, respectively. The enzyme was stable below 60 °C and at a pH range of 5.5-7.5 but was markedly inhibited by Co(2+). To establish a one-pot fermentation system for the synthesis of optically pure L-pipecolic acid from DL-lysine, an E. coli strain carrying a plasmid encoding AIP, Pip2C reductase from Pseudomonas putida, lysine racemase from P. putida, and glucose dehydrogenase from Bacillus subtilis was constructed. The one-pot process produced 45.1 g/L of L-pipecolic acid (87.4 % yield from DL-lysine) after a 46-h reaction with high optical purity (>99.9 % enantiomeric excess).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Tani
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
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Chavan SP, Khairnar LB, Chavan PN, Kalbhor DB. A short enantioselective total synthesis of (R)- and (S)-pipecolic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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A convenient preparation of N ε-methyl-l-lysine derivatives and its application to the synthesis of histone tail peptides. Amino Acids 2014; 46:1305-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1690-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Krishnamurthy S, Arai T, Nakanishi K, Nishino N. Epoxy amino acids produced from allylglycines intramolecularly cyclised to yield four stereoisomers of 4-hydroxyproline derivatives. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra45184d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Vranova V, Lojkova L, Rejsek K, Formanek P. Significance of the natural occurrence of L- versus D-pipecolic acid: a review. Chirality 2013; 25:823-31. [PMID: 24114978 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pipecolic acid naturally occurs in microorganisms, plants, and animals, where it plays many roles, including the interactions between these organisms, and is a key constituent of many natural and synthetic bioactive molecules. This article provides a review of current knowledge on the natural occurrence of pipecolic acid and the known and potential significance of its L- and D-enantiomers in different scientific disciplines. Knowledge gaps with perspectives for future research identified within this article include the roles of the L- versus the D-enantiomer of pipecolic acid in plant resistance, nutrient acquisition, and decontamination of polluted soils, as well as rhizosphere ecology and medical issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Vranova
- Mendel University in Brno, Department of Geology and Soil Science, Czech Republic
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14
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Chang MY, Lee TW, Lin CH. Synthesis of 4,4-dialkoxy-3-piperidinols. Application to the synthesis of γ-acetate dehydropipecolinonitrile. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.04.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Chang MY, Lee MF, Lee NC, Huang YP, Lin CH. Synthesis of 1,2,4-trisubstituted-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.11.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Titanyuk ID, Beletskaya IP. Synthesis of non-natural cyclic amino acids from available unsaturated tertiary amines. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428010090022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Lemire A, Charette AB. Stereoselective syntheses of L-pipecolic acid and (2S,3S)-3-hydroxypipecolic acid from a chiral N-imino-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydropyridine intermediate. J Org Chem 2010; 75:2077-80. [PMID: 20184299 DOI: 10.1021/jo902527s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stereoselective syntheses of L-pipecolic acid and (2S,3S)-3-hydroxypipecolic acid were achieved from a chiral N-imino-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydropyridine intermediate. The 3-hydroxy substituent of the latter amino acid was introduced by hetero-Diels-Alder reaction of singlet oxygen with the 1,2-dihydropyridine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Lemire
- Département de chimie, Universit de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Downtown, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H3C 3J7
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Guitot K, Carboni S, Reiser O, Piarulli U. Synthesis of (S)- and (R)-5-Oxo-piperazine-2-Carboxylic Acid and Its Application to Peptidomimetics. J Org Chem 2009; 74:8433-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo901389q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karine Guitot
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio, 11, 22100 Como, Italy
- Insitut fur Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätstrasse, 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefano Carboni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio, 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Oliver Reiser
- Insitut fur Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätstrasse, 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio, 11, 22100 Como, Italy
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Irfan M, Petricci E, Glasnov TN, Taddei M, Kappe CO. Continuous Flow Hydrogenation of Functionalized Pyridines. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200801131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Kalch D, Rycke ND, Moreau X, Greck C. Efficient syntheses of enantioenriched (R)-pipecolic acid and (R)-proline via electrophilic organocatalytic amination. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Caballero E, Figueroa J, Puebla P, Peláez R, Tomé F, Medarde M. Imino-Diels-Alder Reactions of 1-Aryl-3-(trialkylsiloxy)-1,3-butadienes in Solution and the Solid Phase. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Hekking KF, Waalboer DC, Moelands MA, van Delft F, Rutjes FP. A Ring-Closing Metathesis Approach to Cyclic α,β-Dehydroamino Acids. Adv Synth Catal 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200700308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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24
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Martínez-Martínez I, Navarro-Fernández J, García-Carmona F, Sánchez-Ferrer A. Implication of a mutation in the flavin binding site on the specific activity and substrate specificity of glycine oxidase from Bacillus subtilis produced by directed evolution. J Biotechnol 2008; 133:1-8. [PMID: 17976850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.07.950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Directed evolution was used to expand the substrate specificity and functionality of glycine oxidase by using a high-throughput screening assay based on the 4-aminoantipyrine peroxidase system, with a coefficient of variance below 4%. After screening the library, one mutant with the desired changes was found. The mutant was purified and characterized, showing important changes compared to the wild-type, especially towards cyclic d-amino acids. Amino acid substitution of Ile15 for Val, where the consensus sequence for flavin binding site is placed, seems to be responsible for these changes in specific activity and substrate specificity. The effect of this mutation was explained by using a computer-based three-dimensional model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Martínez-Martínez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus Espinardo, E-30071 Murcia, Spain
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Farran D, Parrot I, Toupet L, Martinez J, Dewynter G. Transannular rearrangement of activated 2,5-diketopiperazines: a key route to original scaffolds. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:3989-96. [DOI: 10.1039/b810352f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fadel A, Lahrache N. An Efficient Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure (R)-Pipecolic Acid, (S)-Proline, and Their N-Alkylated Derivatives. J Org Chem 2007; 72:1780-4. [PMID: 17256910 DOI: 10.1021/jo062382i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomerically pure (R)-(+)-pipecolic acid was synthesized in four steps and 42% overall yield starting from dihydropyran and (R)-alpha-methylbenzylamine. A general short strategy is also described for preparing (S)-proline (47.5% overall yield) and derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Fadel
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique et Méthodologie, CNRS, UMR 8182, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, Bâtiment 420, Univ Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France.
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Hou DR, Hung SY, Hu CC. An efficient, asymmetric synthesis of pipecolic acid and 2-alkyl pipecolic acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2005.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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