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Ballard A, Narduolo S, Ahmed HO, Keymer NI, Asaad N, Cosgrove DA, Buurma NJ, Leach AG. Racemisation in Chemistry and Biology. Chemistry 2020; 26:3661-3687. [PMID: 31709642 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The two enantiomers of a compound often have profoundly different biological properties and thus their liability to racemisation in aqueous solutions is an important piece of information. The authors reviewed the available data concerning the process of racemisation in vivo, in the presence of biological molecules (e.g., racemase enzymes, serum albumin, cofactors and derivatives) and under purely chemical but aqueous conditions (acid, base and other aqueous systems). Mechanistic studies are described critically in light of reported kinetic data. The types of experimental measurement that can be used to effectively determine rate constants of racemisation in various conditions are discussed and the data they provide is summarised. The proposed origins of enzymatic racemisation are presented and suggest ways to promote the process that are different from processes taking place in bulk water. Experimental and computational studies that provide understanding and quantitative predictions of racemisation risk are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ballard
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Stefania Narduolo
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Hiwa O Ahmed
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.,Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Nathaniel I Keymer
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Nabil Asaad
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK
| | | | - Niklaas J Buurma
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Andrew G Leach
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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Ballard A, Narduolo S, Ahmad HO, Cosgrove DA, Leach AG, Buurma NJ. The problem of racemization in drug discovery and tools to predict it. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:527-539. [PMID: 30882254 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1588881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Racemization has long been an ignored risk in drug development, probably because of a lack of convenient access to good tools for its detection and an absence of methods to predict racemization risk. As a result, the potential effects of racemization have been systematically underestimated. Areas covered: Herein, the potential effects of racemization are discussed through a review of drugs for which activity and side effects for both enantiomers are known. Subsequently, drugs known to racemize are discussed and the authors review methods to predict racemization risk. Application of a method quantitatively predicting racemization risk to databases of compounds from the medicinal chemistry literature shows that success in clinical trials is negatively correlated with racemization risk. Expert opinion: It is envisioned that a quantitative method of predicting racemization risk will remove a blind spot from the drug development pipeline. Removal of the blind spot will make drug development more efficient and result in less late-stage attrition of the drug pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ballard
- a Physical Organic Chemistry Centre , School of Chemistry, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | - Stefania Narduolo
- a Physical Organic Chemistry Centre , School of Chemistry, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | - Hiwa O Ahmad
- a Physical Organic Chemistry Centre , School of Chemistry, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK.,b Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department , College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University , Erbil , Kurdistan Region , Iraq
| | | | - Andrew G Leach
- d School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
| | - Niklaas J Buurma
- a Physical Organic Chemistry Centre , School of Chemistry, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
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Ballard A, Ahmad HO, Narduolo S, Rosa L, Chand N, Cosgrove DA, Varkonyi P, Asaad N, Tomasi S, Buurma NJ, Leach AG. Quantitative Prediction of Rate Constants for Aqueous Racemization To Avoid Pointless Stereoselective Syntheses. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:982-985. [PMID: 29072355 PMCID: PMC5820753 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Racemization has a large impact upon the biological properties of molecules but the chemical scope of compounds with known rate constants for racemization in aqueous conditions was hitherto limited. To address this remarkable blind spot, we have measured the kinetics for racemization of 28 compounds using circular dichroism and 1H NMR spectroscopy. We show that rate constants for racemization (measured by ourselves and others) correlate well with deprotonation energies from quantum mechanical (QM) and group contribution calculations. Such calculations thus provide predictions of the second‐order rate constants for general‐base‐catalyzed racemization that are usefully accurate. When applied to recent publications describing the stereoselective synthesis of compounds of purported biological value, the calculations reveal that racemization would be sufficiently fast to render these expensive syntheses pointless.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ballard
- Physical Organic Chemistry Centre, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Hiwa O Ahmad
- Physical Organic Chemistry Centre, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.,Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Stefania Narduolo
- Physical Organic Chemistry Centre, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Lucy Rosa
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Nikki Chand
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - David A Cosgrove
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Peter Varkonyi
- AstraZeneca R+D, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Nabil Asaad
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Simone Tomasi
- AstraZeneca, Charter Way, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, UK
| | - Niklaas J Buurma
- Physical Organic Chemistry Centre, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Andrew G Leach
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
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Ballard A, Ahmad HO, Narduolo S, Rosa L, Chand N, Cosgrove DA, Varkonyi P, Asaad N, Tomasi S, Buurma NJ, Leach AG. Quantitative Prediction of Rate Constants for Aqueous Racemization To Avoid Pointless Stereoselective Syntheses. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ballard
- Physical Organic Chemistry Centre; School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Hiwa O. Ahmad
- Physical Organic Chemistry Centre; School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department; College of Pharmacy; Hawler Medical University; Erbil Kurdistan Region Iraq
| | - Stefania Narduolo
- Physical Organic Chemistry Centre; School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Lucy Rosa
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Mereside; Alderley Park Macclesfield SK10 4TG UK
| | - Nikki Chand
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Mereside; Alderley Park Macclesfield SK10 4TG UK
| | - David A. Cosgrove
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Mereside; Alderley Park Macclesfield SK10 4TG UK
| | | | - Nabil Asaad
- AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Mereside; Alderley Park Macclesfield SK10 4TG UK
| | - Simone Tomasi
- AstraZeneca; Charter Way, Silk Road Business Park Macclesfield SK10 2NA UK
| | - Niklaas J. Buurma
- Physical Organic Chemistry Centre; School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Andrew G. Leach
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool L3 3AF UK
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Onoue S, Kato M, Yamada S. Development of an albuminous reactive oxygen species assay for photosafety evaluation under experimental biomimetic conditions. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:158-65. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.2846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Onoue
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Masashi Kato
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Shizuo Yamada
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
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Ma S, Busacca CA, Fandrick KR, Bartholomeyzik T, Haddad N, Shen S, Lee H, Saha A, Yee N, Senanayake C, Grinberg N. Directly Probing the Racemization of Imidazolines by Vibrational Circular Dichroism: Kinetics and Mechanism. Org Lett 2010; 12:2782-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol100734t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Ma
- Department of Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877
| | - Carl A. Busacca
- Department of Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877
| | - Keith R. Fandrick
- Department of Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877
| | - Teresa Bartholomeyzik
- Department of Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877
| | - Nizar Haddad
- Department of Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877
| | - Sherry Shen
- Department of Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877
| | - Heewon Lee
- Department of Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877
| | - Anjan Saha
- Department of Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877
| | - Nathan Yee
- Department of Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877
| | - Chris Senanayake
- Department of Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877
| | - Nelu Grinberg
- Department of Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877
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Configurational stability of 9-hydroxyrisperidone. Kinetics and mechanism of racemization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2009.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Delsuc N, Kawanami T, Lefeuvre J, Shundo A, Ihara H, Takafuji M, Huc I. Kinetics of helix-handedness inversion: folding and unfolding in aromatic amide oligomers. Chemphyschem 2008; 9:1882-90. [PMID: 18726966 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200800310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A series of helically folded oligoamides of 8-amino-2-quinoline carboxylic acid possessing 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 16 units are prepared following convergent synthetic schemes. The right-handed (P) and the left-handed (M) helical conformers of these oligomers undergo an exchange slow enough to allow their chromatographic separation on a chiral stationary phase. Thus, the M conformer is isolated for each of these oligomers and its slow racemization in hexane/CHCl(3) solutions is monitored at various temperatures using chiral HPLC. The kinetics of racemization at different temperatures in hexane/CHCl(3) (75:25 vol/vol) are fitted to a first order kinetic model to yield the kinetic constant and the Gibbs energy of activation for oligomers having 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 16 quinoline units. This energy gives the first quantitative measure of the exceptional stability of the helical conformers of an aromatic amide foldamer with respect to its partly unfolded conformations that occur between an M helix and a P helix. The trend of the Gibbs energy as a function of oligomer length suggests that helix-handedness inversion does not require a complete unfolding of a helical strand and may instead occur through the propagation of a local unfolding separating two segments of opposite handedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Delsuc
- Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, Université de Bordeaux - CNRS UMR 5248, 2 rue Escarpit, 33607 Pessac, France
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Wood PM, Woo LWL, Labrosse JR, Trusselle MN, Abbate S, Longhi G, Castiglioni E, Lebon F, Purohit A, Reed MJ, Potter BVL. Chiral aromatase and dual aromatase-steroid sulfatase inhibitors from the letrozole template: synthesis, absolute configuration, and in vitro activity. J Med Chem 2008; 51:4226-38. [PMID: 18590272 DOI: 10.1021/jm800168s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To explore aromatase inhibition and to broaden the structural diversity of dual aromatase-sulfatase inhibitors (DASIs), we introduced the steroid sulfatase (STS) inhibitory pharmacophore to letrozole. Letrozole derivatives were prepared bearing bis-sulfamates or mono-sulfamates with or without adjacent substituents. The most potent of the achiral and racemic aromatase inhibitor was 40 (IC 50 = 3.0 nM). Its phenolic precursor 39 was separated by chiral HPLC, and the absolute configuration of each enantiomer was determined using vibrational and electronic circular dichroism in tandem with calculations of the predicted spectra. Of the two enantiomers, ( R)-phenol ( 39a) was the most potent aromatase inhibitor (IC 50 = 0.6 nM, comparable to letrozole), whereas the ( S)-sulfamate, ( 40b) inhibited STS most potently (IC 50 = 553 nM). These results suggest that a new structural class of DASI for potential treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancer has been identified, and this is the first report of STS inhibition by an enantiopure nonsteroidal compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Wood
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology and Sterix Ltd., University of Bath, Claverton Down, UK
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