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Zhang XY, Ning C, Mao B, Wei Y, Shi M. A visible-light mediated ring opening reaction of alkylidenecyclopropanes for the generation of homopropargyl radicals. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9088-9095. [PMID: 34276938 PMCID: PMC8261759 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01889b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical cyclopropylcarbinyl radical clock reactions have been widely applied to conduct mechanistic studies for probing radical processes for a long time; however, alkylidenecyclopropanes, which have a similar molecular structure to methylcyclopropanes, surprisingly have not yet attracted researcher's attention for similar ring opening radical clock processes. In recent years, photocatalytic NHPI ester activation chemistry has witnessed significant blooming developments and provided new synthetic routes for cross-coupling reactions. Herein, we wish to report a non-classical ring opening radical clock reaction using innovative NHPI esters bearing alkylidenecyclopropanes upon photoredox catalysis, providing a brand-new synthetic approach for the direct preparation of a variety of alkynyl derivatives. The potential synthetic utility of this protocol is demonstrated in the diverse transformations and facile synthesis of bioactive molecules or their derivatives and medicinal substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Meilong Road No. 130 Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Chao Ning
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Meilong Road No. 130 Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Ben Mao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Meilong Road No. 130 Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Yin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Min Shi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology Meilong Road No. 130 Shanghai 200237 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
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Molecular mechanism of activation of human musk receptors OR5AN1 and OR1A1 by ( R)-muscone and diverse other musk-smelling compounds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E3950-E3958. [PMID: 29632183 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1713026115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding olfaction at the molecular level is challenging due to the lack of crystallographic models of odorant receptors (ORs). To better understand the molecular mechanism of OR activation, we focused on chiral (R)-muscone and other musk-smelling odorants due to their great importance and widespread use in perfumery and traditional medicine, as well as environmental concerns associated with bioaccumulation of musks with estrogenic/antiestrogenic properties. We experimentally and computationally examined the activation of human receptors OR5AN1 and OR1A1, recently identified as specifically responding to musk compounds. OR5AN1 responds at nanomolar concentrations to musk ketone and robustly to macrocyclic sulfoxides and fluorine-substituted macrocyclic ketones; OR1A1 responds only to nitromusks. Structural models of OR5AN1 and OR1A1 based on quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) hybrid methods were validated through direct comparisons with activation profiles from site-directed mutagenesis experiments and analysis of binding energies for 35 musk-related odorants. The experimentally found chiral selectivity of OR5AN1 to (R)- over (S)-muscone was also computationally confirmed for muscone and fluorinated (R)-muscone analogs. Structural models show that OR5AN1, highly responsive to nitromusks over macrocyclic musks, stabilizes odorants by hydrogen bonding to Tyr260 of transmembrane α-helix 6 and hydrophobic interactions with surrounding aromatic residues Phe105, Phe194, and Phe207. The binding of OR1A1 to nitromusks is stabilized by hydrogen bonding to Tyr258 along with hydrophobic interactions with surrounding aromatic residues Tyr251 and Phe206. Hydrophobic/nonpolar and hydrogen bonding interactions contribute, respectively, 77% and 13% to the odorant binding affinities, as shown by an atom-based quantitative structure-activity relationship model.
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Hagiwara H. Diversity in the Syntheses of Muscone, Muscopyridine and Civetone. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701200637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Syntheses of muscone, muscopyridine and civetone since 1997 have been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisahiro Hagiwara
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050, 2-Nocho, Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950–2181, Japan
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Cheng C, Ding W, Ding S. A Practical Synthesis of ( rac)-Muscone and ( R)-(–-)-muscone. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.3184/174751911x12992369451085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A practical synthesis of ( rac)-muscone in three steps is described, using commercially available 1,10-dibromodecane as the starting material. In the first step, an aldol reaction of 1,10-dibromodecane with ethyl acetoacetate affords the important intermediate 2,15-hexadecanedione in 70% yield. A cyclisation reaction in the second step aided by propyl zinc iodide gives dehydro-muscone in 84% yield. Hydrogenation of dehydro-muscone with Pd–-C completes the synthesis of ( rac)-muscone. Furthermore, ( R)-(–-)-muscone is enantioselectively prepared via the formation of a ketal intermediate from dehydro-muscone and 1,4-di- O-benzyl- D-threitol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjie Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330013, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ding
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Shaomin Ding
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
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Erden I, Cao W, Price M, Colton M. A three-carbon (n+1+2) ring expansion method for the synthesis of macrocyclic enones. Application to muscone synthesis. Tetrahedron 2008; 64:5497-5501. [PMID: 18560472 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.03.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The three-carbon ring expansion methodology commences with the preparation of a cyclic allene (C9, C11, C13), readily available from the corresponding cycloalkene via dibromocarbene addition and subsequent treatment with methyllithium. Dichloroketene addition to the cyclic allene regioselectively provides the [2+2] cycloadduct which is reductively dechlorinated with zinc in methanol. The resulting cyclobutanone is then catalytically hydrogenated; cyclobutanone ring opening is affected with trimethylsilyl iodide; immediate dehydroiodination of the resulting beta-iodocycloalkanone with diazabicycloundecane (DBU) provides the corresponding macrocyclic enone. The 15-membered enone was converted to dl,-muscone with (CH(3))(2)CuLi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihsan Erden
- San Francisco State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
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Kantorowski EJ, Le DD, Hunt CJ, Barry-Holson KQ, Lee JP, Ross LN. Kinetics and regioselectivity of ring opening of 1-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanylmethyl radical. J Org Chem 2008; 73:1593-6. [PMID: 18197677 DOI: 10.1021/jo702010v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rate constants for the rearrangement of 1-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanylmethyl radical (2) to 3-methylenecyclohexenyl radical (3) and 2-methylenecyclopentyl-1-methyl radical (1) were measured using the PTOC-thiol competition method. The ring-expansion pathway is described by the rate equation, log(k/s-1) = (12.5 +/- 0.1) - (4.9 +/- 0.1)/theta; the non-expansion pathway is described by log(k/s-1) = (11.9 +/- 0.6) - (6.9 +/- 0.8)/theta. Employing the slower trapping agent, tri-n-butylstannane, favors methylenecyclohexane over 2-methyl-methylenecyclopentane by more than 120:1 at ambient or lower temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Kantorowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, USA.
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Takabe K, Sugiura M, Asumi Y, Mase N, Yoda H, Shimizu H. Practical optical resolution of dl-muscone using tartaric acid derivatives as a chiral auxiliary. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.03.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gottschling SE, Grant TN, Milnes KK, Jennings MC, Baines KM. Cyclopropyl Alkynes as Mechanistic Probes To Distinguish between Vinyl Radical and Ionic Intermediates. J Org Chem 2005; 70:2686-95. [PMID: 15787560 DOI: 10.1021/jo047797n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The reactions of (trans-2-phenylcyclopropyl)ethyne, 1a, (trans,trans-2-methoxy-3-phenylcyclopropyl)ethyne, 1b, and (trans,trans-2-methoxy-1-methyl-3-phenylcyclopropyl)ethyne, 1c, with either aqueous sulfuric acid or tris(trimethylsilyl)silane (or tributyltin hydride) and AIBN have been investigated. Protonation and addition of the silyl (or stannyl) radical occurred at the terminal position of the alkyne giving an alpha-cyclopropyl-substituted vinyl cation or radical, respectively. Under both reaction conditions, 1a yielded products derived from ring opening toward the phenyl substituent. Alkynes 1b and 1c, however, gave different products depending on whether radical or cationic conditions were used. When radical conditions were employed, products derived from regioselective ring opening toward the phenyl substituent were obtained. In contrast, when cationic conditions were employed, products derived from selective ring opening toward the methoxy substituent were isolated. The corresponding alpha-cyclopropyl-substituted vinyllithium derivatives were also synthesized and were found to be stable toward rearrangement. An estimate of the rate constants for ring opening of the alpha-cyclopropylvinyl cations was also made: values of 10(10)-10(12) s(-1) were found for the vinyl cations derived from protonation of the terminal carbon of alkynes 1a-c. Based on these results, cyclopropyl alkynes 1a-c can be classified as hypersensitive mechanistic probes for the detection of vinyl radical or cationic intermediates generated adjacent to the cyclopropyl ring and, in the case of 1b and 1c, the distinction between a radical or cationic intermediate is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Gottschling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
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Thermodecarbonylation of α-substituted cycloalkanones: a convenient one-carbon ring contraction method. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.08.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Rüedi G, Oberli MA, Nagel M, Hansen HJ. Diradical-Promoted (n + 2 − 1) Ring Expansion: An Efficient Reaction for the Synthesis of Macrocyclic Ketones. Org Lett 2004; 6:3179-81. [PMID: 15330617 DOI: 10.1021/ol048701e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A diradical-promoted (n + 2 - 1) ring expansion reaction based on vinyl side chain insertion (+2C) and decarbonylation (-1C) has been developed. Flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP) of medium- and large-ring 2-trimethylsilyloxy-2-vinyl-cycloalkanones at 500-600 degrees C affords the one-carbon ring-expanded cycloalkanones in good yields. Methyl groups on the vinyl moiety are transformed regiospecifically as corresponding alpha- and beta-substituents, respectively. 2-Ethynyl precursor analogues react in a manner similar to give alpha,beta-unsaturated cyclic ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Rüedi
- Organisch-chemisches Institut der Universität, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Rüedi G, Nagel M, Hansen HJ. Three-Carbon Ring Expansion by Cyclopropane Insertion: Macrocyclic Musks from Readily Available C-12 Starting Materials. Org Lett 2004; 6:2989-91. [PMID: 15330665 DOI: 10.1021/ol0487027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A thermal three-carbon ring expansion based on side chain ring insertion of a cyclopropane moiety is described. Flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP) of 1-cyclopropyl-cycloalk-3-enol derivatives leads to the three-carbon ring expanded enones with clean retention of double bond geometry. Substrates bearing methyl groups on the cyclopropane ring undergo regioselective bond cleavage, allowing for the systematic preparation of selectively substituted macrocyclic musks from low-priced C-12 starting compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Rüedi
- Organisch-chemisches Institut der Universität, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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