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Yadav S, Sharma A, Nayik GA, Cooper R, Bhardwaj G, Sohal HS, Mutreja V, Kaur R, Areche FO, AlOudat M, Shaikh AM, Kovács B, Mohamed Ahmed AE. Review of Shikonin and Derivatives: Isolation, Chemistry, Biosynthesis, Pharmacology and Toxicology. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:905755. [PMID: 35847041 PMCID: PMC9283906 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.905755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Shikonin and its derivatives, isolated from traditional medicinal plant species of the genus Lithospermum, Alkanna, Arnebia, Anchusa, Onosma, and Echium belonging to the Boraginaceae family, have numerous applications in foods, cosmetics, and textiles. Shikonin, a potent bioactive red pigment, has been used in traditional medicinal systems to cure various ailments and is well known for its diverse pharmacological potential such as anticancer, antithrombotic, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-gonadotropic, antioxidants, antimicrobial and insecticidal. Herein, updated research on the natural sources, pharmacology, toxicity studies, and various patents filed worldwide related to shikonin and approaches to shikonin’s biogenic and chemical synthesis are reviewed. Furthermore, recent studies to establish reliable production systems to meet market demand, functional identification, and future clinical development of shikonin and its derivatives against various diseases are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehlata Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
- University Centre for Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Chandigarh- Ludhiana Highway, Mohali, India
| | - Gulzar Ahmad Nayik
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Govt. Degree College Shopian, Srinagar, India
| | - Raymond Cooper
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Garima Bhardwaj
- Department of Chemistry, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal, Sangrur, India
| | | | - Vishal Mutreja
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Franklin Ore Areche
- Professional School of Agroindustrial Engineering, National University of Huancavelica, Huancavelica, Peru
| | - Mohannad AlOudat
- Doctoral School of Food Science, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Budapset, Hungary
| | | | - Béla Kovács
- Institute of Food Science, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Abdelhakam Esmaeil Mohamed Ahmed
- Institute of Food Science, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Khartoum, Khartoum North, Sudan
- *Correspondence: Abdelhakam Esmaeil Mohamed Ahmed,
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Valipour M. Recent advances of antitumor shikonin/alkannin derivatives: A comprehensive overview focusing on structural classification, synthetic approaches, and mechanisms of action. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 235:114314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Swami B, Yadav D, Menon RS. Benzannulation Reactions: A Case for Perspective Change From Arene Decoration to Arene Construction. CHEM REC 2021; 22:e202100249. [PMID: 34796605 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Benzannulation reactions involve construction of a benzene ring from acyclic precursors. This class of reactions offer a versatile and often superior alternative to aromatic substitution for construction of substituted arenes. Selected pioneering and recent reports of various benzannulation reactions are categorised and discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Swami
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana Jant-Pali, Mahendergarh, Haryana, 120301, India
| | - Deepak Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana Jant-Pali, Mahendergarh, Haryana, 120301, India
| | - Rajeev S Menon
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana Jant-Pali, Mahendergarh, Haryana, 120301, India
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Lai YH, Mondal S, Su HT, Huang SC, Wu MH, Huang IW, Yang Lauderdale TL, Song JS, Shia KS, Mong KKT. Total synthesis of landomycins Q and R and related core structures for exploration of the cytotoxicity and antibacterial properties. RSC Adv 2021; 11:9426-9432. [PMID: 35423459 PMCID: PMC8695357 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01088c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the total synthesis of landomycins Q and R as well as the aglycone core, namely anhydrolandomycinone and a related core analogue. The synthesis features an acetate-assisted arylation method for construction of the hindered B-ring in the core component and a one-pot aromatization-deiodination-denbenzylation procedure to streamline the global functional and protecting group manuipulation. Subsequent cytotoxicity and antibacterial studies revealed that the landomycin R is a potential antibacterial agent against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Hsuan Lai
- National Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 30010 Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Soumik Mondal
- National Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 30010 Taiwan Republic of China
- National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 30010 Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Hsin-Tzu Su
- National Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 30010 Taiwan Republic of China
- National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 30010 Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Cih Huang
- National Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 30010 Taiwan Republic of China
- National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 30010 Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Mine-Hsine Wu
- National Health Research Institutes Miaoli County 35053 Taiwan Republic of China
| | - I-Wen Huang
- National Health Research Institutes Miaoli County 35053 Taiwan Republic of China
| | | | - Jen-Shin Song
- National Health Research Institutes Miaoli County 35053 Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Kak-Shan Shia
- National Health Research Institutes Miaoli County 35053 Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Kwok-Kong Tony Mong
- National Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 30010 Taiwan Republic of China
- National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 30010 Taiwan Republic of China
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5
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The Dötz Benzannulation Reaction: A Booming Methodology for Natural Product Synthesis. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202000514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Song W, Blaszczyk SA, Liu J, Wang S, Tang W. Transition metal mediated carbonylative benzannulations. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:7490-7504. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01000a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes novel building blocks recently developed for transition metal-catalyzed carbonylative benzannulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangze Song
- School of Pharmacy
- University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Madison
- USA
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
| | | | - Jitian Liu
- School of Pharmacy
- University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Madison
- USA
| | - Shuojin Wang
- School of Pharmacy
- Hainan Medical University
- Haikou
- China
| | - Weiping Tang
- School of Pharmacy
- University of Wisconsin-Madison
- Madison
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
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Qu C, Tang E, Loeppky R, Deng Z, Pulley SR, Hong X. Studies towards the synthesis of medermycin via Dötz benzannulation. Chirality 2014; 27:18-22. [PMID: 25322945 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The C-arylglycosides are available in enantiomerically pure form via the Dötz benzannulation reaction between Fischer alkenyl chromium carbene complexes and alkynes; it also could be converted to a precursor of medermycin by O-carbamate directed ipso bromination and nitrile substitution in good overall yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrong Qu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, and Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Guerrero-Vásquez GA, Chinchilla N, Molinillo JMG, Macías FA. Synthesis of bioactive speciosins G and P from Hexagonia speciosa. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:2029-2036. [PMID: 25181306 DOI: 10.1021/np500341q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The first total synthesis of speciosins P and G, previously isolated from Hexagonia speciosa, is reported. These compounds have been synthesized by Sonogashira coupling from readily available starting materials. Siccayne was also synthesized from the same starting material in two steps along with a number of other derivatives. The compounds were tested in the wheat coleoptile bioassay. The most active compound was the intermediate 18, followed by 29 and 17. The structural requirements for activity in these compounds are the presence of methoxy groups in the aromatic ring and a formyl or hydroxy group in the side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo A Guerrero-Vásquez
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Sciences, INBIO Institute of Biomolecules, University of Cadiz , C/ República Saharaui, s/n, 11510-Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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Wang R, Zhou S, Jiang H, Zheng X, Zhou W, Li S. An Efficient Multigram Synthesis of Alkannin and Shikonin. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Cikotiene I, Buksnaitiene R, Sazinas R. Rapid access to benzo-annelated heterocycles, naphthalenes, and polysubstituted benzenes through a novel benzannulation reaction. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Jimenez-Halla J, Solà M. Dötz Benzannulation Reactions: Heteroatom and Substituent Effects in Chromium Fischer Carbene Complexes. Chemistry 2009; 15:12503-20. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Estévez R, Justicia J, Bazdi B, Fuentes N, Paradas M, Choquesillo-Lazarte D, García-Ruiz J, Robles R, Gansäuer A, Cuerva J, Oltra J. Ti-Catalyzed Barbier-Type Allylations and Related Reactions. Chemistry 2009; 15:2774-91. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Albreht A, Vovk I, Simonovska B, Srbinoska M. Identification of shikonin and its ester derivatives from the roots of Echium italicum L. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:3156-62. [PMID: 19233376 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nine shikonin pigments: shikonin (S), acetylshikonin (AS), propionylshikonin (PS), isobutyrylshikonin (IBS), tiglylshikonin (TS), 3,3-dimethylacrylshikonin (DAS), angelylshikonin (ANS), 2-methyl-n-butyrylshikonin (MBS) and isovalerylshikonin (IVS) were identified in the root epidermis of Echium italicum L. for the first time. A new thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) method for the separation of enantiomers alkannin and shikonin proved only shikonin after saponification of the root extract, and was afterwards esterified with the corresponding acyl chloride to acquire seven standard compounds (all except ANS). The developed isocratic high-peformance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods with VIS and mass spectrometry (MS) detection, allowed for the first time simultaneous separation of all nine compounds with similar structures including positional and geometric isomers in a short time. Structures of the main five compounds (AS, IBS, ANS, MBS, IVS) isolated from the extract by a new semi-preparative HPLC on C18 have additionally been confirmed by (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, which were reported for AS and MBS for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alen Albreht
- National Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory for Food Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Zysman-Colman E, Arias K, Siegel JS. Synthesis of arylbromides from arenes and N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in acetonitrile — A convenient method for aromatic bromination. CAN J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1139/v08-176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Regioselective and chemoselective electrophilic bromination of a wide series of activated arenes using N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in acetonitrile occurs readily. Environmentally friendly conditions, large substrate scope, and ease of synthesis enhance the utility of this method over other electrophilic bromination conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organisch-chemisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Karla Arias
- Organisch-chemisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Jay S. Siegel
- Organisch-chemisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
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Tiano M, Belmont P. Rapid Access to Amino-Substituted Quinoline, (Di)Benzofuran, and Carbazole Heterocycles through an Aminobenzannulation Reaction. J Org Chem 2008; 73:4101-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo800249f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Tiano
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), Laboratoire de Synthèse et Méthodologie Organiques (LSMO), Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon I, UMR CNRS 5246, Bâtiment CPE, 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Philippe Belmont
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS), Laboratoire de Synthèse et Méthodologie Organiques (LSMO), Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon I, UMR CNRS 5246, Bâtiment CPE, 43 boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
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Liu HB, Cai B, Cui CB, Gu QQ, Zhao QC, Guan HS. Pterocaryquinone, a Novel Naphthoquinone Derivative fromPterocarya tonkinesis. CHINESE J CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200690315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon–transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2004. Coord Chem Rev 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2005.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Fuchibe K, Ono D, Akiyama T. Synthesis of pyrroles: reaction of chromium N-alkylaminocarbene complexes with α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2006:2271-3. [PMID: 16718326 DOI: 10.1039/b602924h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
N-alkylaminocarbene complexes of chromium were found to react with alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes to give pyrroles in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Fuchibe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
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Giese MW, Moser WH. Construction of the Benzindenoazepine Skeleton via Cyclopentannulation of Fischer Aminocarbene Complexes: Total Synthesis of Bulgaramine. J Org Chem 2005; 70:6222-9. [PMID: 16050681 DOI: 10.1021/jo050631h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A total synthesis of bulgaramine has been accomplished with a longest linear sequence of eight steps and an overall yield of 23% from commercially available 3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl alcohol. An intramolecular cyclopentannulation reaction of a Fischer aminocarbene complex provided the key step and occurred under significantly milder conditions and in higher yields than those of other reported examples of this reaction type. The reaction solvent was a critical factor in the cyclopentannulation reaction, with measurable amounts of the desired product observed only when THF was utilized. The product yield could be further enhanced by the addition of two-electron donor ligands, demonstrating the first example of this effect on the thermal reaction of aminocarbene complexes with alkynes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Giese
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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