1
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Hoffman GR, Giduturi C, Cordaro NJ, Yoshida CT, Schoffstall AM, Stabio ME, Zuckerman MD. Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Xylazine. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:2091-2098. [PMID: 38747710 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Xylazine (also known as "tranq") is a potent nonopioid veterinary sedative that has recently experienced a surge in use as a drug adulterant, most often combined with illicitly manufactured fentanyl. This combination may heighten the risk of fatal overdose. Xylazine has no known antidote approved for use in humans, and age-adjusted overdose deaths involving xylazine were 35 times higher in 2021 than 2018. In April 2023, the Biden Administration declared xylazine-laced fentanyl an emerging drug threat in the United States. In 2022, the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) reported nearly a quarter of seized fentanyl powder contained xylazine. This dramatic increase in prevalence has solidified the status of xylazine as an emerging drug of abuse and an evolving threat to public health. The following narrative review outlines the synthesis, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and adverse effects of xylazine, as well as the role it may play in the ongoing opioid epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin R Hoffman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80918, United States
| | - Chetan Giduturi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Nicholas J Cordaro
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Cassidy T Yoshida
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Allen M Schoffstall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80918, United States
| | - Maureen E Stabio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Matthew D Zuckerman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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2
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Salami SA, Smith VJ, Krause RWM. Aqueous microwave assisted novel synthesis of isothiocyanates by amine catalyzed thionation of isocyanides with Lawesson's reagent. J Sulphur Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2022.2164196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincent J. Smith
- Department of Chemistry Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Rui W. M. Krause
- Department of Chemistry Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
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3
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Abstract
Isothiocyanates (ITCs) are biologically active molecules found in several natural products and pharmaceutical ingredients. Moreover, due to their high and versatile reactivity, they are widely used as intermediates in organic synthesis. This review considers the best practices for the synthesis of ITCs using elemental sulfur, highlighting recent developments. First, we summarize the in situ generation of thiocarbonyl surrogates followed by their transformation in the presence of primary amines leading to ITCs. Second, carbenes and amines afford isocyanides, and the further reaction of this species with sulfur readily generates ITCs under thermal, catalytic or basic conditions. Additionally, we also reveal that in the catalyst-free reaction of isocyanides and sulfur, two—until this time overlooked and not investigated—different mechanistic pathways exist.
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4
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Nickisch R, Conen P, Gabrielsen SM, Meier MAR. A more sustainable isothiocyanate synthesis by amine catalyzed sulfurization of isocyanides with elemental sulfur. RSC Adv 2021; 11:3134-3142. [PMID: 35424261 PMCID: PMC8693870 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10436a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Isothiocyanates (ITCs) are typically prepared using amines and highly toxic reagents such as thiophosgene, its derivatives, or CS2. In this work, an investigation of a multicomponent reaction (MCR) using isocyanides, elemental sulfur and amines revealed that isocyanides can be converted to isothiocyanates using sulfur and catalytic amounts of amine bases, especially DBU (down to 2 mol%). This new catalytic reaction was optimized in terms of sustainability, especially considering benign solvents such as Cyrene™ or γ-butyrolactone (GBL) under moderate heating (40 °C). Purification by column chromatography was further optimized to generate less waste by maintaining high purity of the product. Thus, E-factors as low as 0.989 were achieved and the versatility of this straightforward procedure was shown by converting 20 different isocyanides under catalytic conditions, while obtaining moderate to high yields (34-95%).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nickisch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Straße am Forum 7 76131 Karlsruhe Germany http://www.meier-michael.com
| | - P Conen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Straße am Forum 7 76131 Karlsruhe Germany http://www.meier-michael.com
| | - S M Gabrielsen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Straße am Forum 7 76131 Karlsruhe Germany http://www.meier-michael.com
| | - M A R Meier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Straße am Forum 7 76131 Karlsruhe Germany http://www.meier-michael.com
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Straße am Forum 7 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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5
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Németh AG, Szabó R, Domján A, Keserű GM, Ábrányi‐Balogh P. Chromatography-Free Multicomponent Synthesis of Thioureas Enabled by Aqueous Solution of Elemental Sulfur. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:16-27. [PMID: 33377316 PMCID: PMC7780808 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a new three-component chromatography-free reaction of isocyanides, amines and elemental sulfur allowed us the straightforward synthesis of thioureas in water. Considering a large pool of organic and inorganic bases, we first optimized the preparation of aqueous polysulfide solution from elemental sulfur. Using polysulfide solution, we were able to omit the otherwise mandatory chromatography, and to isolate the crystalline products directly from the reaction mixture by a simple filtration, retaining the sulfur in the solution phase. A wide range of thioureas synthesized in this way confirmed the reasonable substrate and functional group tolerance of our protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Gy. Németh
- Medicinal Chemistry Research GroupResearch Centre for Natural SciencesMagyar tudósok krt. 21117BudapestHungary
| | - Renáta Szabó
- Medicinal Chemistry Research GroupResearch Centre for Natural SciencesMagyar tudósok krt. 21117BudapestHungary
| | - Attila Domján
- NMR Research LaboratoryResearch Centre for Natural SciencesMagyar tudósok krt. 21117BudapestHungary
| | - György M. Keserű
- Medicinal Chemistry Research GroupResearch Centre for Natural SciencesMagyar tudósok krt. 21117BudapestHungary
| | - Péter Ábrányi‐Balogh
- Medicinal Chemistry Research GroupResearch Centre for Natural SciencesMagyar tudósok krt. 21117BudapestHungary
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6
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Moon S, Nishii Y, Miura M. Synthesis of Isothiazoles and Isoselenazoles through Rhodium-Catalyzed Oxidative Annulation with Elemental Sulfur and Selenium. Org Lett 2021; 23:49-53. [PMID: 33306913 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A rhodium-catalyzed oxidative annulation of benzimidates with elemental sulfur for the direct construction of isothiazole rings is reported. The proposed reaction mechanism involving Rh(I)/Rh(III) redox is supported by a stoichiometric reaction of metallacycle species as well as DFT calculations. This method is also applicable to selenium cyclization to produce isoselenazole derivatives. The alkoxy substituent at C3 can be used for further functionalization of the azole core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghun Moon
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuji Nishii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Miura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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7
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Arisawa M, Yamaguchi M. Rhodium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Organosulfur Compounds Involving S-S Bond Cleavage of Disulfides and Sulfur. Molecules 2020; 25:E3595. [PMID: 32784672 PMCID: PMC7464046 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Organosulfur compounds are widely used for the manufacture of drugs and materials, and their synthesis in general conventionally employs nucleophilic substitution reactions of thiolate anions formed from thiols and bases. To synthesize advanced functional organosulfur compounds, development of novel synthetic methods is an important task. We have been studying the synthesis of organosulfur compounds by transition-metal catalysis using disulfides and sulfur, which are easier to handle and less odiferous than thiols. In this article, we describe our development that rhodium complexes efficiently catalyze the cleavage of S-S bonds and transfer organothio groups to organic compounds, which provide diverse organosulfur compounds. The synthesis does not require use of bases or organometallic reagents; furthermore, it is reversible, involving chemical equilibria and interconversion reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieko Arisawa
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8578, Japan;
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8
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Moon S, Kato M, Nishii Y, Miura M. Synthesis of Benzo[
b
]thiophenes through Rhodium‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Reaction using Elemental Sulfur. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanghun Moon
- Department of Applied ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringOsaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Moena Kato
- Department of Applied ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringOsaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yuji Nishii
- Frontier Research Base for Global Young ResearchersGraduate School of EngineeringOsaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Masahiro Miura
- Department of Applied ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringOsaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Bhavanarushi Pendem
- Department of Chemistry, IIIT Srikakulam, Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies, Etcherla, India
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10
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Németh AG, Keserű GM, Ábrányi-Balogh P. A novel three-component reaction between isocyanides, alcohols or thiols and elemental sulfur: a mild, catalyst-free approach towards O-thiocarbamates and dithiocarbamates. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:1523-1533. [PMID: 31354871 PMCID: PMC6633899 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new multicomponent reaction has been developed between isocyanides, sulfur and alcohols or thiols under mild reaction conditions to afford O-thiocarbamates and dithiocarbamates in moderate to good yields. The one-pot reaction cascade involves the formation of an isothiocyanate intermediate, thus a catalyst-free synthesis of isothiocyanates, as valuable building blocks from isocyanides and sulfur is proposed, as well. The synthetic procedure suits the demand of a modern organic chemist, as it tolerates a wide range of functional groups, it is atom economic and easily scalable.
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Affiliation(s)
- András György Németh
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, 1519 Budapest, POB 286, Hungary
| | - György Miklós Keserű
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, 1519 Budapest, POB 286, Hungary
| | - Péter Ábrányi-Balogh
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, 1519 Budapest, POB 286, Hungary
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11
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Sorsche D, Miehlich ME, Zolnhofer EM, Carroll PJ, Meyer K, Mindiola DJ. Metal–Ligand Cooperativity Promoting Sulfur Atom Transfer in Ferrous Complexes and Isolation of a Sulfurmethylenephosphorane Adduct. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:11552-11559. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Sorsche
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Matthias E. Miehlich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva M. Zolnhofer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Patrick J. Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Mindiola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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12
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Santhosh L, Durgamma S, Shekharappa, Sureshbabu VV. Staudinger/aza-Wittig reaction to access N β-protected amino alkyl isothiocyanates. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:4874-4880. [PMID: 29931019 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01061g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A unified approach to access Nβ-protected amino alkyl isothiocyanates using Nβ-protected amino alkyl azides through a general strategy of Staudinger/aza-Wittig reaction is described. The type of protocol used to access isothiocyanates depends on the availability of precursors and also, especially in the amino acid chemistry, on the behavior of other labile groups towards the reagents used in the protocols; fortunately, we were not concerned about both these factors as precursor-azides were prepared easily by standard protocols, and the present protocol can pave the way for accessing title compounds without affecting Boc, Cbz and Fmoc protecting groups, and benzyl and tertiary butyl groups in the side chains. The present strategy eliminates the need for the use of amines to obtain title compounds and thus, this method is step-economical; additional advantages include retention of chirality, convenient handling and easy purification. A few hitherto unreported compounds were also prepared, and all final compounds were completely characterized by IR, mass, optical rotation, and 1H and 13C NMR studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Santhosh
- # 109, Peptide Research Laboratory, Department of Studies in Chemistry, Central College Campus, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Veedhi, Bangalore University, Bangalore, 560001, India.
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13
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Singh K, Sharma S. An isocyanide based multi-component reaction under catalyst- and solvent-free conditions for the synthesis of unsymmetrical thioureas. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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14
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Farrell WS, Zavalij PY, Sita LR. Catalytic Production of Isothiocyanates via a Mo(II)/Mo(IV) Cycle for the “Soft” Sulfur Oxidation of Isonitriles. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley S. Farrell
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Peter Y. Zavalij
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Lawrence R. Sita
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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15
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Boyarskiy VP, Bokach NA, Luzyanin KV, Kukushkin VY. Metal-Mediated and Metal-Catalyzed Reactions of Isocyanides. Chem Rev 2015; 115:2698-779. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500380d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vadim P. Boyarskiy
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 198504 Stary Petergof, Russian Federation
| | - Nadezhda A. Bokach
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 198504 Stary Petergof, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin V. Luzyanin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 198504 Stary Petergof, Russian Federation
| | - Vadim Yu. Kukushkin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 198504 Stary Petergof, Russian Federation
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16
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Smiles DE, Wu G, Hayton TW. Reversible Chalcogen-Atom Transfer to a Terminal Uranium Sulfide. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:12683-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ic502500z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Danil E. Smiles
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara California 93106, United States
| | - Guang Wu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara California 93106, United States
| | - Trevor W. Hayton
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara California 93106, United States
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17
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Chakrabarty S, Choudhary S, Doshi A, Liu FQ, Mohan R, Ravindra MP, Shah D, Yang X, Fleming FF. Catalytic Isonitrile Insertions and Condensations Initiated by RNC-X Complexation. Adv Synth Catal 2014; 356:2135-2196. [PMID: 25484847 PMCID: PMC4251577 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Isonitriles are delicately poised chemical entities capable of being coaxed to react as nucleophiles or electrophiles. Directing this tunable reactivity with metal and non-metal catalysts provides rapid access to a large array of complex nitrogenous structures ideally functionalized for medicinal applications. Isonitrile insertion into transition metal complexes has featured in numerous synthetic and mechanistic studies, leading to rapid deployment of isonitriles in numerous catalytic processes, including multicomponent reactions (MCR). Covering the literature from 1990-2014, the present review collates reaction types to highlight reactivity trends and allow catalyst comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suravi Chakrabarty
- Mylan School of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282-1530, USA
| | - Shruti Choudhary
- Mylan School of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282-1530, USA
| | - Arpit Doshi
- Mylan School of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282-1530, USA
| | - Fa-Qiang Liu
- Mylan School of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282-1530, USA
| | - Rishabh Mohan
- Mylan School of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282-1530, USA
| | - Manasa P. Ravindra
- Mylan School of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282-1530, USA
| | - Dhruv Shah
- Mylan School of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282-1530, USA
| | - Xun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282-1530, USA
| | - Fraser F. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282-1530, USA
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18
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Arisawa M, Ichikawa T, Yamaguchi M. Rhodium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Diaryl Sulfides Using Aryl Fluorides and Sulfur/Organopolysulfides. Org Lett 2012; 14:5318-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ol302497m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mieko Arisawa
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takuya Ichikawa
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masahiko Yamaguchi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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19
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Sun N, Li B, Shao J, Mo W, Hu B, Shen Z, Hu X. A general and facile one-pot process of isothiocyanates from amines under aqueous conditions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:61-70. [PMID: 22423272 PMCID: PMC3302099 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A general and facile one-pot protocol for the preparation of a broad range of alkyl and aryl isothiocyanates has been developed from their corresponding primary amines under aqueous conditions. This synthetic process involves an in situ generation of a dithiocarbamate salt from the amine substrate by reacting with CS(2) followed by elimination to form the isothiocyanate product with cyanuric acid as the desulfurylation reagent. The choice of solvent is of decisive importance for the successful formation of the dithiocarbamate salt particularly for highly electron-deficient substrates. This novel and economical method is suitable for scale-up activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Sun
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jianping Shao
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Weimin Mo
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Baoxiang Hu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhenlu Shen
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xinquan Hu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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20
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Abstract
Rhodium complexes are efficient catalysts for the synthesis of organosulfur compounds. They catalyze the addition reaction of organosulfur groups to unsaturated compounds, the substitution of C-H with organosulfur groups, and single-bond metathesis reactions. They cleave S-S bonds and transfer the organosulfur groups to various organic and inorganic molecules, including alkynes, allenes, disulfides, sulfur, isonitriles, imines, diphosphines, thiophosphinites, hydrogen, 1-alkylthio-1-alkynes, thioesters, and allyl sulfides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieko Arisawa
- 1Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Masahiko Yamaguchi
- 1Department of Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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21
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Arisawa M, Suwa A, Yamaguchi M. RhCl3-catalyzed disulfide exchange reaction using water solvent in homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. J Organomet Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2005.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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22
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Helton ME, Maiti D, Zakharov LN, Rheingold AL, Porco JA, Karlin KD. A μ-η2:η2-Disulfide Dicopper(II) Complex from Reaction of S8 with a Copper(I) Precursor: Reactivity of the Bound Disulfur Moiety. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:1138-41. [PMID: 16385608 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200503216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Helton
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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23
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Helton ME, Maiti D, Zakharov LN, Rheingold AL, Porco JA, Karlin KD. A μ-η2:η2-Disulfide Dicopper(II) Complex from Reaction of S8 with a Copper(I) Precursor: Reactivity of the Bound Disulfur Moiety. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200503216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Arisawa M, Tanaka K, Yamaguchi M. Rhodium-catalyzed sulfur atom exchange reaction between organic polysulfides and sulfur. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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