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Ballesteros-Garrido R. Recent developments in the synthesis of 4-, 5-, 6- and 7-azaindoles. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Tao Y, Shi L, Han J, Jian X, Li Y. Toxic Encephalopathy and Methemoglobinemia after 5-Amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine Poisoning. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14031. [PMID: 36360910 PMCID: PMC9656071 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aromatic amino compound 5-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine acts as an intermediate in the synthesis of pharmaceutical products. However, the toxicity profile of this compound is sparse and no related poisoning events have been reported. Here, we report the case of a 35-year-old man who inhaled 5-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine at work. After inhalation, the patient rapidly developed symptoms such as dizziness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, chest tightness, and loss of consciousness. After admission, methemoglobinemia, hemolytic anemia, acute renal failure, and toxic encephalopathy occurred. Symptoms improved significantly after intravenous treatment with a low dose of methylene blue. This revealed that 5-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine is toxic to the human body and can be absorbed through the respiratory tract, resulting in methemoglobinemia and toxic encephalopathy; thus, caution should be taken in industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Tao
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hankou, Wuhan 430030, China
- Department of Emergency, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hankou, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Longke Shi
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jie Han
- Department of Emergency, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiangdong Jian
- Department of Poisoning and Occupational Diseases, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107, Road Wenhuaxi, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hankou, Wuhan 430030, China
- Department of Emergency, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hankou, Wuhan 430030, China
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Pham NN, Dang TT, Ngo NT, Villinger A, Ehlers P, Langer P. Facile synthesis of 4- and 7-azaindoles from the corresponding imines by palladium-catalyzed cascade C-C and C-N coupling. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 13:6047-58. [PMID: 25947884 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00720h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cyclization of 2,3-dihalopyridines with readily available imines provides a convenient and regioselective approach to 4- and 7-azaindoles. The regioselectivity can be controlled by the choice of the halogen atoms at the pyridine ring (chlorine versus bromine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngo Nghia Pham
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
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Lee H, Kim JH, Lee WK, Jung JH, Ha HJ. Synthesis of 2,5-Disubstituted 6-Azaindoles from Substituted Aziridines via Intramolecular Cyclization. Org Lett 2012; 14:3120-2. [DOI: 10.1021/ol301187s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hogyu Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea, and Department of Chemistry, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin 449-791, Korea
| | - Jun Hee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea, and Department of Chemistry, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin 449-791, Korea
| | - Won Koo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea, and Department of Chemistry, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin 449-791, Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea, and Department of Chemistry, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin 449-791, Korea
| | - Hyun-Joon Ha
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea, and Department of Chemistry, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin 449-791, Korea
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Reaction of ammonium ylides with alkyl thiocyanates in aqueous and non-aqueous media. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-010-0274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Debenham SD, Chan A, Lau FW, Liu W, Wood HB, Lemme K, Colwell L, Habulihaz B, Akiyama TE, Einstein M, Doebber TW, Sharma N, Wang CF, Wu M, Berger JP, Meinke PT. Highly functionalized 7-azaindoles as selective PPARγ modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:4798-801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.07.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kobayashi K, Fujita S, Fukamachi S, Konishi H. Synthesis of 1-Aryl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridines (1-Aryl-7-azaindoles) by a Thermal Dehydration-Cyclization-Dehydrogenation Sequence of 2-Arylamino-3-(1-hydroxyalkyl)pyridines. HETEROCYCLES 2008. [DOI: 10.3987/com-08-11441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Fang YQ, Yuen J, Lautens M. A general modular method of azaindole and thienopyrrole synthesis via Pd-catalyzed tandem couplings of gem-dichloroolefins. J Org Chem 2007; 72:5152-60. [PMID: 17559273 DOI: 10.1021/jo070460b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed reaction of gem-dichloroolefins and a boronic acid via a tandem intramolecular C-N and intermolecular Suzuki coupling process gave corresponding substituted azaindoles or thienopyrroles. This method is a very modular protocol to synthesize all four isomers of azaindole and two isomers of thienopyrroles in good to excellent yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Qing Fang
- Davenport Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
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Vijaya Raj KK, Narayana B. The One Step Synthesis of 2-(2-Bromo-5- methoxyphenyl)-5-(3-arylidene)-1,3-thiazolo[3,2-b]- 1,2,4-triazol-6-(5H)-ones and the Evaluation of the Anticonvulsant Activity. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500500544170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. K. Vijaya Raj
- a Department of Postgraduate Studies and Research in Chemistry , Mangalore University , Mangalagangotri , India
| | - B. Narayana
- a Department of Postgraduate Studies and Research in Chemistry , Mangalore University , Mangalagangotri , India
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An effective procedure for the preparation of 3-substituted-4- or 6-azaindoles from ortho-methyl nitro pyridines. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
7-Azaindoles are versatile building blocks, especially in medicinal chemistry, where they serve as bioisosteres of indoles or purines. Herein, we are presenting a robust and flexible synthesis of 1,3- and 1,3,6-substituted 7-azaindoles starting from nicotinic acid derivatives or 2,6-dichloropyridine, respectively. Microwave heating dramatically accelerates the penultimate reaction step, an epoxide-opening-cyclization-dehydration sequence. The functional group compatibility of the reaction is examined as well as the application of the products in further functionalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Schirok
- Bayer HealthCare AG, Pharma Research, D-42096 Wuppertal, Germany.
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Alfonsi M, Arcadi A, Bianchi G, Marinelli F, Nardini A. Gold-Catalyzed C-3-Alkylation of 7-Azaindoles Through Michael-Type Addition to α,β-Enones. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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