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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Sichuan University West China Hospital Department of laboratory medicine CHINA
| | - Jing Ren
- Sichuan University West China Hospital Department of Radiology CHINA
| | - Kaizhi Li
- Sichuan University West China Hospital Department of laboratory medicine Biophamaceutical Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Ch 610041 Chengdu CHINA
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Gazitúa M, Tapia RA, Contreras R, Campodónico PR. Effect of the nature of the nucleophile and solvent on an SNAr reaction. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj03212a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride toward propylamine was kinetically evaluated in 19 organic solvents and 10 ionic liquids as reaction media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Gazitúa
- Centro de Química Médica
- Facultad de Medicina
- Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Ricardo A. Tapia
- Facultad de Química
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Renato Contreras
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidad de Chile
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Paola R. Campodónico
- Centro de Química Médica
- Facultad de Medicina
- Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo
- Santiago
- Chile
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3
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Um IH, Kim MY, Cho HJ, Dust JM, Buncel E. The α-effect in the SNAr reaction of 1-(4-nitrophenoxy)-2,4-dinitrobenzene with anionic nucleophiles: effects of solvation and polarizability on the α-effect. CAN J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2015-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A kinetic study on SNAr reactions of 1-(4-nitrophenoxy)-2,4-dinitrobenzene (1a) with various anionic nucleophiles in 80 mol% water – 20 mol% DMSO at 25.0 °C is reported. The Brønsted-type plot for the reaction of 1a with a series of substituted phenoxides and HOO− results in an excellent linear correlation with βnuc = 1.17. However, OH− exhibits dramatic negative deviation from the Brønsted-type plot, while N3−, C6H5S−, and butane-2,3-dione monoximate (Ox−) deviate positively from linearity. HOO− is 680-fold more reactive than OH− but does not exhibit the α-effect. In contrast, Ox− is 166-fold more reactive than isobasic 4-Cl−C6H4O− and exhibits the α-effect. Differential solvation effects have been suggested to be responsible for the α-effect in this study, i.e., Ox− exhibits the α-effect, since it is 5.7 kcal/mol less strongly solvated than 4-Cl−C6H4O− in the reaction medium, while HOO− does not show the α-effect due to a strong requirement for partial desolvation before nucleophilic attack. The highly enhanced reactivity of polarizable N3− and C6H5S− and extremely decreased reactivity of nonpolarizable OH− are in accord with the hard–soft acid and base principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ik-Hwan Um
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Min-Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 132-714, Korea
| | - Julian M. Dust
- Departments of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL A2H 5G4, Canada
| | - Erwin Buncel
- Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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4
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Pericyclic [4+2] and [3+2] Cycloaddition Reactions of Nitroarenes in Heterocyclic Synthesis. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-013-1233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Mechanistic Assessment of SNAr Displacement of Halides from 1-Halo-2,4-dinitrobenzenes by Selected Primary and Secondary Amines: Brønsted and Mayr Analyses. J Org Chem 2012; 77:9738-46. [DOI: 10.1021/jo301862b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Terrier F, Dust JM, Buncel E. Dual super-electrophilic and Diels–Alder reactivity of neutral 10π heteroaromatic substrates. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kurbatov S, Lakhdar S, Goumont R, Terrier F. Super-electrophilic 10π Heteroaromatics. New Mechanistic and Synthetic Applications. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2012.697701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Berionni G, Branca M, Pégot B, Marrot J, Kizilian E, Goumont R. The N-Alkylation of Substituted 4-Tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyridines: Easy Access to a New Series of Electrophiles. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Buncel E, Terrier F. Assessing the superelectrophilic dimension through σ-complexation, SNAr and Diels–Alder reactivity. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:2285-308. [DOI: 10.1039/b923983a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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El Guesmi N, Boubaker T, Goumont R, Terrier F. The Ambident Reactivity of 2,4,6-Tris(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)anisole in Methanol: Using the SO2CF3Group as a Tool to Reach the Superelectrophilic Dimension in σ-Complexation Processes. Chemistry 2009; 15:12018-29. [PMID: 19774563 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nizar El Guesmi
- Unité de Recherche de Chimie Théorique et Réactivité, Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, Avenue de l'Environnement, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
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Rodriguez-Dafonte P, Terrier F, Lakhdar S, Kurbatov S, Goumont R. Carbon Nucleophilicities of Indoles in SNAr Substitutions of Superelectrophilic 7-Chloro-4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan and -benzofurazan. J Org Chem 2009; 74:3305-15. [DOI: 10.1021/jo900076r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Rodriguez-Dafonte
- Institut Lavoisier, UMR CNRS 8180, Université de Versailles, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035-Versailles Cedex, France, and Department of Chemistry, Southern Federal University, 7 Zorge Street, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - François Terrier
- Institut Lavoisier, UMR CNRS 8180, Université de Versailles, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035-Versailles Cedex, France, and Department of Chemistry, Southern Federal University, 7 Zorge Street, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - Sami Lakhdar
- Institut Lavoisier, UMR CNRS 8180, Université de Versailles, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035-Versailles Cedex, France, and Department of Chemistry, Southern Federal University, 7 Zorge Street, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - Sergei Kurbatov
- Institut Lavoisier, UMR CNRS 8180, Université de Versailles, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035-Versailles Cedex, France, and Department of Chemistry, Southern Federal University, 7 Zorge Street, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - Régis Goumont
- Institut Lavoisier, UMR CNRS 8180, Université de Versailles, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035-Versailles Cedex, France, and Department of Chemistry, Southern Federal University, 7 Zorge Street, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
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El Guesmi N, Boubaker T, Goumont R, Terrier F. Electrophilicity of aromatic triflones in σ-complexation processes. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:4041-52. [PMID: 18931813 DOI: 10.1039/b810273b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nizar El Guesmi
- Unité de Recherche de Chimie Théorique et Réactivité, Faculté des sciences de Monastir, Avenue de l'Environnement, 5019 Monastir, Tunisie
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Um IH, Min SW, Dust JM. Choice of Solvent (MeCN vs H2O) Decides Rate-Limiting Step in SNAr Aminolysis of 1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene with Secondary Amines: Importance of Brønsted-Type Analysis in Acetonitrile. J Org Chem 2007; 72:8797-803. [DOI: 10.1021/jo701549h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ik-Hwan Um
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Nano Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea, and Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Sir Wilfred Grenfell College, Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador, A2H 6P9, Canada
| | - Se-Won Min
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Nano Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea, and Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Sir Wilfred Grenfell College, Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador, A2H 6P9, Canada
| | - Julian M. Dust
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Nano Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea, and Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Sir Wilfred Grenfell College, Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador, A2H 6P9, Canada
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Lakhdar S, Goumont R, Berionni G, Boubaker T, Kurbatov S, Terrier F. Superelectrophilicity of the Nitroolefinic Fragment of 4-Nitrobenzodifuroxan in Michael-Type Reactions with Indoles: A Kinetic Study in Acetonitrile. Chemistry 2007; 13:8317-24. [PMID: 17642071 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of the coupling of 4-nitrobenzodifuroxan (NBDF) with a series of indoles 8 a-e to give the expected Michael-type adducts 9 a-e have been investigated in acetonitrile solution. No significant influence of the nature of the isotopic substitution at C-3 of the indole ring has been found, indicating that the NBDF addition step is the rate limiting step of the SEAr substitution of the indole moiety. This implies that the measured second-order rate constants (k) for the reactions are identical to the second order rate constants (k1NBDF) associated to the C--C coupling step. By using the known N and s parameters characterizing the nucleophilicity of indoles, the k1NBDF rate constants are found to fit nicely to the three parameters equation logk1=s(N+E) introduced by Mayr to describe the feasibility of nucleophilic-electrophilic combinations. Based on this, the electrophilicity parameter E of NBDF could be determined as E=-6.15. This corresponds to a positioning of the reactivity of the nitroactivated double bond of NBDF in the domain of superelectrophilicity previously defined for nitrobenzofuroxans, in accord with the finding that the rates of coupling of 8 a-e with NBDF are only one order of magnitude lower than those for the coupling of these indoles with 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan (DNBF). The theoretical scale of electrophilicity introduced by Domingo et al. on the basis of the global electrophilicity index omega defined by Parr is also a very useful tool to discuss the relative reactivities of NBDF, DNBF, and a number of differently activated C==C double bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Lakhdar
- Unité de Recherche de Physico-Chimie Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, Avenue de l'Environnement, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
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Lakhdar S, Goumont R, Terrier F, Boubaker T, Dust JM, Buncel E. Mayr electrophilicity predicts the dual Diels–Alder and σ-adduct formation behaviour of heteroaromatic super-electrophiles. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:1744-51. [PMID: 17520143 DOI: 10.1039/b702060k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report on the dual reactivity, i.e. anionic Meisenheimer sigma adduct formation and Diels-Alder adduct formation, of a series of heteroaromatic super-electrophiles, including 4,6-dinitro-benzofuroxan, -N-arylbenzotriazoles (4), -benzothiadiazole and -benzoselenadiazole. Measured pK(a)(H(2)O) values for sigma adduct formation provide a quantitative measure of super-electrophilic reactivity with a satisfactory correlation between the Mayr E electrophilicity parameter and pK(a)(H(2)O): E = -0.662 pK(a)(H(2)O) (or pK(R+) -3.20 (r(2) = 0.987). The most highly electrophilic, pre-eminent super-electrophile is 4,6-dinitrotetrazolopyridine (E = -4.67, pK(a)(H(2)O) = 0.4), which supercedes the reference Meisenheimer super-electrophile, 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan (E = -5.06, pK(a) = 3.75), having itself an E value superior by 8 orders of magnitude compared to 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene as the benchmark normal Meisenheimer electrophile (E = -13.19, pK(a)(H(2)O) = 13.43). (For relevant kinetic parameters as well as E and pK(a) values, see .) In a parallel study we have investigated Diels-Alder (normal and inverse electron demand) reactivity of this series of heteroaromatic electrophiles and have shown that Mayr E values are valid predictors of whether DA adducts will form and how rapidly. The observed order of pericyclic reactivity corresponds to E = -8.5 as the demarcation E value, in close agreement with sigma complexation; thus pointing to a common origin for the two processes, i.e. an inverse relationship between the degree of aromaticity of the carbocyclic ring and ease of sigma complexation, or DA reactivity, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Lakhdar
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UMR CNRS 8180, Université de Versailles, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035-Versailles Cedex, France
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Lakhdar S, Goumont R, Boubaker T, Mokhtari M, Terrier F. Nitrobenzoxadiazoles and related heterocycles: a relationship between aromaticity, superelectrophilicity and pericyclic reactivity. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:1910-9. [PMID: 16688337 DOI: 10.1039/b602002j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A study of the dual electrophilic and pericyclic reactivity of 4,6-dinitrobenzofurazan (DNBZ, 2), 4,6-dinitro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (DNBS, 3), 4,6-dinitro-2,1,3-benzoselenadiazole (DNBSe, 4) is reported. Kinetic and thermodynamic measurements of the ease of covalent hydration of 2-4 to give the corresponding hydroxy sigma-adducts C-2-C-4 have been carried out over a large pH range in aqueous solution. Analysis of the data has allowed a determination of the rate constants k1(H2O) pertaining to the susceptibility of 2-4 to water attack as well as the pKa values for the sigma-complexation processes. With pKa values ranging from 3.92 for DNBZ to 6.34 for DNBSe to 7.86 for DNBS, the electrophilic character of the three heteroaromatics is much closer to that of the superelectrophilic reference, i.e. 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan (DNBF, 1; pKa = 3.75), than that of the standard Meisenheimer electrophile 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB, pKa = 13.43). Most importantly, water is found to be an efficient nucleophile which contributes strongly to the formation of the adducts C-2 and C-4. This confirms a previous observation that a pKa value of ca. 8 is a primary requirement for having H2O competing effectively as a nucleophile with OH- in the formation of hydroxy sigma-adducts. On the other hand, 2-4 are found to exhibit dienophilic and/or heterodienic behaviour on treatment with isoprene, 2,3-dimethylbutadiene, cyclopentadiene or cyclohexadiene, affording Diels-Alder mono- or di-adducts which have all been structurally characterized. A major finding is that the order of Diels-Alder reactivity follows clearly the order of electrophilicity, pointing to a direct relationship between superelectrophilic and pericyclic reactivity. This relationship is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Lakhdar
- Laboratoire SIRCOB, Institut Lavoisier, UMR CNRS 8180, Université de Versailles, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035 Versailles Cedex, France
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