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Mohammadi Ziarani G, Jamasbi N, Mohajer F. Recent advances on the synthesis of natural pyrrolizidine alkaloids: alexine, and its stereoisomers. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2022; 12:3. [PMID: 35129687 PMCID: PMC8821751 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-022-00324-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural products have attracted the interest of the scientific community due to their importance and application. Alexine is a naturally polyhydroxylated pyrrolizidine alkaloid that is broadly found in plant sources and isolated from Alexa leiopetala. The biological properties such as glycosidase inhibitors, anti-virus, and anti-HIV activities, makes it interesting target for synthetical studies. This review reports different approaches and methodologies to the synthesis of alexine, and its stereoisomers as the target compounds in numerous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghodsi Mohammadi Ziarani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, P. O. Box 1993893973, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Negar Jamasbi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, P. O. Box 1993893973, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohajer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, P. O. Box 1993893973, Tehran, Iran
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Yu L, Somfai P. Enantioselective synthesis of anti-3-alkenyl-2-amido-3-hydroxy esters: application to the total synthesis of (+)-alexine. RSC Adv 2019; 9:2799-2802. [PMID: 35520501 PMCID: PMC9059938 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00173e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A straightforward synthesis of anti-3-alkenyl-2-amido-3-hydroxy esters from the corresponding racemic α-amino-β-keto esters by using a ATH/DKR protocol has been developed. This method gives moderate to excellent yields with high chemo-, diastereo- and enantioselectivities for a broad range of substrates. In order to highlight the versatility of the methodology it was applied in an efficient asymmetric synthesis of the polyhydroxylated pyrrolizidine alkaloid (+)-alexine. A straightforward synthesis of anti-3-alkenyl-2-amido-3-hydroxy esters from the corresponding racemic α-amino-β-keto esters by using a ATH/DKR protocol has been developed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yu
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- Lund University
- Lund
- Sweden
| | - Peter Somfai
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- Lund University
- Lund
- Sweden
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Martinez ST, Belouezzane C, Pinto AC, Glasnov T. Synthetic Strategies towards the Azabicyclo[3.3.0]-Octane Core of Natural Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids. An Overview. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2016.1165058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
This review covers pyrrolizidine alkaloids isolated from natural sources. Topics include: aspects of structure, isolation, and biological/pharmacological studies; total syntheses of necic acids, necine bases and closely-related non-natural analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Robertson
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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Gkizis P, Argyropoulos NG, Coutouli-Argyropoulou E. A sort synthesis of polyhydroxylated pyrrolizidines via sequential 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition and reductive amination. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.07.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Garrabou X, Gómez L, Joglar J, Gil S, Parella T, Bujons J, Clapés P. Structure-guided minimalist redesign of the L-fuculose-1-phosphate aldolase active site: expedient synthesis of novel polyhydroxylated pyrrolizidines and their inhibitory properties against glycosidases and intestinal disaccharidases. Chemistry 2011; 16:10691-706. [PMID: 20661960 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A minimalist active site redesign of the L-fuculose-1-phosphate aldolase from E. coli FucA was envisaged, to extend its tolerance towards bulky and conformationally restricted N-Cbz-amino aldehyde acceptor substrates (Cbz=benzyloxycarbonyl). Various mutants at the active site of the FucA wild type were obtained and screened with seven sterically demanding N-Cbz-amino aldehydes including N-Cbz-prolinal derivatives. FucA F131A showed an aldol activity of 62 μmol h(-1) mg(-1) with (R)-N-Cbz-prolinal, whereas no detectable activity was observed with the FucA wild type. For the other substrates, the F131A mutant gave aldol activities from 4 to about 25 times higher than those observed with the FucA wild type. With regard to the stereochemistry of the reactions, the (R)-amino aldehydes gave exclusively the anti configured aldol adducts whereas their S counterparts gave variable ratios of anti/syn diastereoisomers. Interestingly, the F131A mutant was highly stereoselective both with (R)- and with (S)-N-Cbz-prolinal, exclusively producing the anti and syn aldol adducts, respectively. Molecular models suggest that this improved activity towards bulky and more rigid substrates, such as N-Cbz-prolinal, could arise from a better fit of the substrate into the hydrophobic pocket created by the F131A mutation, due to an additional π-cation interaction with the residue K205' and to efficient contact between the substrate and the mechanistically important Y113' and Y209' residues. An expedient synthesis of novel polyhydroxylated pyrrolizidines related to the hyacinthacine and alexine types was accomplished through aldol additions of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) to hydroxyprolinal derivatives with the hyperactive FucA F131A as catalyst. The iminocyclitols obtained were fully characterised and found to be moderate to weak inhibitors (relative to 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-L-arabinitol (LAB) and 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol (DAB)) against glycosidases and rat intestinal saccharidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Garrabou
- Biotransformation and Bioactive Molecules Group, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Stocker BL, Dangerfield EM, Win‐Mason AL, Haslett GW, Timmer MSM. Recent Developments in the Synthesis of Pyrrolidine‐Containing Iminosugars. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200901320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bridget L. Stocker
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, P. O. Box 7060, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Emma M. Dangerfield
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, P. O. Box 7060, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P. O. Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand, Fax: +64‐4‐463‐5241
| | - Anna L. Win‐Mason
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, P. O. Box 7060, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P. O. Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand, Fax: +64‐4‐463‐5241
| | - Gregory W. Haslett
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, P. O. Box 7060, Wellington, New Zealand
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P. O. Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand, Fax: +64‐4‐463‐5241
| | - Mattie S. M. Timmer
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P. O. Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand, Fax: +64‐4‐463‐5241
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Liu WJ, Ye JL, Huang PQ. A flexible approach for the asymmetric syntheses of hyacinthacines A2, A3 and structural confirmation of hyacinthacine A3. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:2085-91. [DOI: 10.1039/b926741g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ritthiwigrom T, Willis AC, Pyne SG. Total Synthesis of Uniflorine A, Casuarine, Australine, 3-epi-Australine, and 3,7-Di-epi-australine from a Common Precursor. J Org Chem 2009; 75:815-24. [DOI: 10.1021/jo902355p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thunwadee Ritthiwigrom
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Anthony C. Willis
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - Stephen G. Pyne
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
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Takahashi M, Maehara T, Sengoku T, Fujita N, Takabe K, Yoda H. New asymmetric strategy for the total synthesis of naturally occurring (+)-alexine and (−)-7-epi-alexine. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Reddy PV, Veyron A, Koos P, Bayle A, Greene AE, Delair P. Approach to the hyacinthacines: first non-chiral pool synthesis of (+)-hyacinthacine A1. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:1170-2. [DOI: 10.1039/b800445e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Donohoe TJ, Cheeseman MD, O'Riordan TJC, Kershaw JA. Synthesis of (+)-DGDP and (−)-7-epialexine. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:3896-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b815332a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon–transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2005. Coord Chem Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Boto A, Hernández D, Hernández R, Montoya A, Suárez E. Synthesis of Alkaloid Analogues from β-Amino Alcohols by β-Fragmentation of Primary Alkoxyl Radicals. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Microwave induced one-pot synthesis of fluorenespiro[9.3′]-(4′-aryl)pyrrolidine/pyrrolizidine/tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2-c]thiazolespiro[2′.2″]indan-1″,3″-dione derivatives. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.09.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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