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Kerwin SM, Jewett AL, Bondoc JA, Gilbreath BL, Reinus BJ. Spirocyclic Products via Carbene Intermediates from Thermolysis of 1,2-Dialkynylpyrrole and 1,2-Diethynylimidazole. Synlett 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1737937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe thermal rearrangements of 1,2-dialkynylimidazoles have been shown to lead to trapping products of cyclopenta[b]pyrazine carbene intermediates. Here we show that a similar rearrangement also occurs in the case of 1,2-diethynyl-1H-pyrrole, and that trapping the intermediate cyclopenta[b]pyridine carbene with solvent THF affords an ylide that undergoes a Stevens rearrangement to a spirocyclic product. An analogous rearrangement and trapping is observed for thermolysis of 1,2-dialkynylimidazoles in THF or 1,4-dioxane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Kerwin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University
| | - Ashley L. Jewett
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Joshua A. Bondoc
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University
| | - Bradford L. Gilbreath
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin
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Reinus B, Kerwin SM. Preparation and Utility of N-Alkynyl Azoles in Synthesis. Molecules 2019; 24:E422. [PMID: 30682796 PMCID: PMC6384649 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Heteroatom-substituted alkynes have attracted a significant amount of interest in the synthetic community due to the polarized nature of these alkynes and their utility in a wide range of reactions. One specific class of heteroatom-substituted alkynes combines this utility with the presence of an azole moiety. These N-alkynyl azoles have been known for nearly 50 years, but recently there has been a tremendous increase in the number of reports detailing the synthesis and utility of this class of compound. While much of the chemistry of N-alkynyl azoles mirrors that of the more extensively studied N-alkynyl amides (ynamides), there are notable exceptions. In addition, as azoles are extremely common in natural products and pharmaceuticals, these N-alkynyl azoles have high potential for accessing biologically important compounds. In this review, the literature reports of N-alkynyl azole synthesis, reactions, and uses have been assembled. Collectively, these reports demonstrate the growth in this area and the promise of exploiting N-alkynyl azoles in synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Reinus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Sean M Kerwin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA.
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S3S63 Terminal Ynamides: Synthesis, Coupling Reactions and Additions to Common Electrophiles. Tetrahedron Lett 2015; 56:2377-2392. [PMID: 26085692 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.03.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ynamides consist of a polarized triple bond that is directly attached to a nitrogen atom carrying a sulfonyl, an alkoxycarbonyl, an acyl or another electron withdrawing group. The triple bond polarization renders ynamides broadly useful building blocks with synthetic opportunities that go far beyond traditional alkyne chemistry. The versatile reactivity of ynamides in cycloadditions, cycloisomerizations, regioselective additions with various nucleophiles or electrophiles, ring-closing metathesis, and many other reactions has been investigated in detail during the past decades. A common feature of these methods is that the triple bond is consumed and either cleaved or transformed to a new functionality. The wealth of reports on these ynamide reactions is in stark contrast to the dearth of carbon-carbon bond formations that leave the triple bond of terminal ynamides intact. The recent introduction of effective synthetic methods for the preparation of terminal ynamides has set the stage to fully explore the synthetic potential of this intriguing class of compounds. This digest letter summarizes the most effective routes to terminal ynamides and the current state of selective nucleophilic addition, substitution and coupling reactions, including the first examples of asymmetric synthesis.
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Pérez-Caaveiro C, Pérez Sestelo J, Martínez MM, Sarandeses LA. Triorganoindium Reagents in Selective Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling with Iodoimidazoles: Synthesis of Neurodazine. J Org Chem 2014; 79:9586-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501664p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pérez-Caaveiro
- Departamento de Química
Fundamental and Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas
(CICA), Universidade da Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - José Pérez Sestelo
- Departamento de Química
Fundamental and Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas
(CICA), Universidade da Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - M. Montserrat Martínez
- Departamento de Química
Fundamental and Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas
(CICA), Universidade da Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Luis A. Sarandeses
- Departamento de Química
Fundamental and Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas
(CICA), Universidade da Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Sheridan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
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Mohamed RK, Peterson PW, Alabugin IV. Concerted Reactions That Produce Diradicals and Zwitterions: Electronic, Steric, Conformational, and Kinetic Control of Cycloaromatization Processes. Chem Rev 2013; 113:7089-129. [DOI: 10.1021/cr4000682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rana K. Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390,
United States
| | - Paul W. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390,
United States
| | - Igor V. Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390,
United States
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How to Lose a Bond in Two Ways ― The Diradical/Zwitterion Dichotomy in Cycloaromatization Reactions. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Laroche C, Li J, Kerwin SM. Cytotoxic 1,2-dialkynylimidazole-based aza-enediynes: aza-Bergman rearrangement rates do not predict cytotoxicity. J Med Chem 2011; 54:5059-69. [PMID: 21667990 DOI: 10.1021/jm200289j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new class of potential antitumor agents inspired by the enediyne antitumor antibiotics has been synthesized: the 1,2-dialkynylimidazoles. The aza-Bergman rearrangement of these 1,2-dialkynylimidazoles has been investigated theoretically at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level and experimentally by measuring the kinetics of rearrangement in 1,4-cyclohexadiene. There is a good correlation between the theoretical and experimental results; subtle substituent effects on the initial aza-Bergman cyclization barrier predicted by theory are confirmed by experiment. Yet, despite the ability of these 1,2-dialkynylimidazoles to undergo Bergman rearrangement to diradical/carbene intermediates under relatively mild conditions, there is no correlation between the rate of Bergman cyclization and cytotoxicity to A459 cells. In addition, cytotoxic 1,2-dialkynylimidazoles do not cause nicking of supercoiled plasmid DNA or cleavage of bovine serum albumin. An alternative mechanism for cytotoxicity involving the unexpected selective thiol addition to the N-ethynyl group of certain 1,2-dialkynylimidazoles is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Laroche
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Bellina F, Rossi R. Regioselective Functionalization of the Imidazole Ring via Transition Metal-Catalyzed CN and CC Bond Forming Reactions. Adv Synth Catal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Evano G, Coste A, Jouvin K. Ynamides: Versatile Tools in Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:2840-59. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200905817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 672] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Evano G, Coste A, Jouvin K. Inamide: vielseitige Bausteine für die organische Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200905817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Laroche C, Li J, Gonzales C, David WM, Kerwin SM. Cyclization kinetics and biological evaluation of an anticancer 1,2-dialkynylimidazole. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:1535-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b925261d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Laroche C, Kerwin SM. Lithiation and functionalization of 1-alkynylimidazoles at the 2-position. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.06.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zhang CP, Chen QY, Xiao JC. Reactions of HMPA with hexafluorobenzene, pentafluorochlorobenzene and pentafluorophenol. J Fluor Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2008.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Chapter 6.2 (2006) Six-membered ring systems: diazines and benzo derivatives (2006). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(08)80016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Chapter 5.4 Five membered ring systems: with more than one N atom. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(08)80010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
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Nadipuram AK, Kerwin SM. Thermal cyclization of 1,2-dialkynylimidazoles to imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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