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Raval HB, Bedekar AV. Silver‐Mediated Conversion of Alcohols to Carbonates with Dialkylazodicarboxylate. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiten B. Raval
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Vadodara 390 002 India
| | - Ashutosh V. Bedekar
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda Vadodara 390 002 India
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2
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Ji H, Jing Q, Huang J, Silverman RB. Acid-Facilitated Debenzylation of N-Boc, N-Benzyl Double Protected 2-Aminopyridinomethylpyrrolidine Derivatives. Tetrahedron 2012; 68:1359-1366. [PMID: 22639474 PMCID: PMC3358821 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
2-Aminopyridinomethyl pyrrolidines represent a class of highly potent and selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Conditions for a Mitsunobu reaction of a naphthol and a hindered secondary alcohol were optimized to give good to excellent yields. A key step in the synthesis of these inhibitors is the deprotection of the benzyl group from the N-Boc and N-Bn double protected 2-aminopyridine ring at a late stage of the synthesis, which has been proven difficult in our previous syntheses. Acetic acid was found to facilitate the N-Bn deprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Ji
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Qing Jing
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Jinwen Huang
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Bonollo
- Laboratory of Green Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Dipartimento di Chimica Università di Perugia, 8, Via Elce di Sotto, 06123 Perugia, Italy, Fax: +39‐075‐5855560
| | - Daniela Lanari
- Laboratory of Green Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Dipartimento di Chimica Università di Perugia, 8, Via Elce di Sotto, 06123 Perugia, Italy, Fax: +39‐075‐5855560
| | - Luigi Vaccaro
- Laboratory of Green Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Dipartimento di Chimica Università di Perugia, 8, Via Elce di Sotto, 06123 Perugia, Italy, Fax: +39‐075‐5855560
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Ji H, Delker SL, Li H, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Exploration of the active site of neuronal nitric oxide synthase by the design and synthesis of pyrrolidinomethyl 2-aminopyridine derivatives. J Med Chem 2010; 53:7804-24. [PMID: 20958055 DOI: 10.1021/jm100947x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) represents an important therapeutic target for the prevention of brain injury and the treatment of various neurodegenerative disorders. A series of trans-substituted amino pyrrolidinomethyl 2-aminopyridine derivatives (8-34) was designed and synthesized. A structure-activity relationship analysis led to the discovery of low nanomolar nNOS inhibitors ((±)-32 and (±)-34) with more than 1000-fold selectivity for nNOS over eNOS. Four enantiomerically pure isomers of 3'-[2''-(3'''-fluorophenethylamino)ethoxy]pyrrolidin-4'-yl}methyl}-4-methylpyridin-2-amine (4) also were synthesized. It was found that (3'R,4'R)-4 can induce enzyme elasticity to generate a new "hot spot" for ligand binding. The inhibitor adopts a unique binding mode, the same as that observed for (3'R,4'R)-3'-[2''-(3'''-fluorophenethylamino)ethylamino]pyrrolidin-4'-yl}methyl}-4-methylpyridin-2-amine ((3'R,4'R)-3) (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132 (15), 5437 - 5442). On the basis of structure-activity relationships of 8-34 and different binding conformations of the cis and trans isomers of 3 and 4, critical structural requirements of the NOS active site for ligand binding are revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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Bao H, Wu J, Li H, Wang Z, You T, Ding K. Enantioselective Ring Opening Reaction of meso-Epoxides with Aromatic and Aliphatic Amines Catalyzed by Magnesium Complexes of BINOL Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Xue F, Huang J, Ji H, Fang J, Li H, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of lipophilic-tailed monocationic inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:6526-37. [PMID: 20673724 PMCID: PMC2925225 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.06.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Revised: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Selective inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) have the potential to develop into new neurodegenerative therapeutics. Recently, we described the discovery of novel nNOS inhibitors (1a and 1b) based on a cis-pyrrolidine pharmacophore. These compounds and related ones were found to have poor blood-brain barrier permeability, presumably because of the basic nitrogens in the molecule. Here, a series of monocationic compounds was designed on the basis of docking experiments using the crystal structures of 1a,b bound to nNOS. These compounds were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Despite the excellent overlap of these compounds with 1a,b bound to nNOS, they exhibited low potency. This is because they bound in the nNOS active site in the normal orientation rather than the expected flipped orientation used in the computer modeling. The biphenyl or phenoxyphenyl tail is disordered and does not form good protein-ligand interactions. These studies demonstrate the importance of the size and rigidity of the side chain tail and the second basic amino group for nNOS binding efficiency and the importance of the hydrophobic tail for conformational orientation in the active site of nNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengtian Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Jinwen Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Haitao Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Jianguo Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
| | - Huiying Li
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900
| | - Pavel Martásek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Applied Genomics, 1 School of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Linda J. Roman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Thomas L. Poulos
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3900
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113
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Xue F, Gu W, Silverman RB. Concise route to the chiral pyrrolidine core of selective inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide. Org Lett 2009; 11:5194-7. [PMID: 19860389 PMCID: PMC2783674 DOI: 10.1021/ol902109t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
2-(((3R,4R)-4-(Allyloxy)-1-benzylpyrrolidin-3-yl)methyl)-6-(2,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-4-methylpyridine (2), a key intermediate for the preparation of novel neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitors, is synthesized using diisopropyl (R)-(+)-malate as the starting material. The key steps involve a Frater-Seebach diastereoselective alkylation and a fast intramolecular cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengtian Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Wenxin Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
| | - Richard B. Silverman
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
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Lawton GR, Ji H, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Silverman RB. Synthesis and enzymatic evaluation of 2- and 4-aminothiazole-based inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Beilstein J Org Chem 2009; 5:28. [PMID: 19590740 PMCID: PMC2707017 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.5.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly potent and selective inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) possessing a 2-aminopyridine group were recently designed and synthesized in our laboratory and were shown to have significant in vivo efficacy. In this work, analogs of our lead compound possessing 2- and 4-aminothiazole rings in place of the aminopyridine were synthesized. The less basic aminothiazole rings will be less protonated at physiological pH than the aminopyridine ring, and so the molecule will carry a lower net charge. This could lead to an increased ability to cross the blood-brain barrier thereby increasing the in vivo potency of these compounds. The 2-aminothiazole-based compound was less potent than the 2-aminopyridine-based analogue. 4-Aminothiazoles were unstable in water, undergoing tautomerization and hydrolysis to give inactive thiazolones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham R Lawton
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
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9
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Swamy KCK, Kumar NNB, Balaraman E, Kumar KVPP. Mitsunobu and Related Reactions: Advances and Applications. Chem Rev 2009; 109:2551-651. [PMID: 19382806 DOI: 10.1021/cr800278z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 873] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. C. Kumara Swamy
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad − 500046, A. P., India
| | - N. N. Bhuvan Kumar
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad − 500046, A. P., India
| | - E. Balaraman
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad − 500046, A. P., India
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Ji H, Li H, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Discovery of highly potent and selective inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase by fragment hopping. J Med Chem 2009; 52:779-97. [PMID: 19125620 DOI: 10.1021/jm801220a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Selective inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) has been shown to prevent brain injury and is important for the treatment of various neurodegenerative disorders. This study shows that not only greater inhibitory potency and isozyme selectivity but more druglike properties can be achieved by fragment hopping. On the basis of the structure of lead molecule 6, fragment hopping effectively extracted the minimal pharmacophoric elements in the active site of nNOS for ligand hydrophobic and steric interactions and generated appropriate lipophilic fragments for lead optimization. More potent and selective inhibitors with better druglike properties were obtained within the design of 20 derivatives (compounds 7-26). Our structure-based inhibitor design for nNOS and SAR analysis reveal the robustness and efficiency of fragment hopping in lead discovery and structural optimization, which implicates a broad application of this approach to many other therapeutic targets for which known druglike small-molecule modulators are still limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
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Lawton GR, Ralay Ranaivo H, Chico LK, Ji H, Xue F, Martásek P, Roman LJ, Watterson DM, Silverman RB. Analogues of 2-aminopyridine-based selective inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase with increased bioavailability. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:2371-80. [PMID: 19268602 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Overproduction of nitric oxide by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) has been linked to several neurodegenerative diseases. We have recently designed potent and isoform selective inhibitors of nNOS, but the lead compound contains several basic functional groups. A large number of charges and hydrogen bond donors can impede the ability of molecules to cross the blood brain barrier and thereby limit the effectiveness of potential neurological therapeutics. Replacement of secondary amines in our lead compound with neutral ether and amide groups was made to increase bioavailability and to determine if the potency and selectivity of the inhibitor would be impacted. An ether analogue has been identified that retains a similar potency and selectivity to that of the lead compound, and shows increased ability to penetrate the blood brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham R Lawton
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113, USA
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Petit S, Azzouz R, Fruit C, Bischoff L, Marsais F. An efficient protocol for the preparation of pyridinium and imidazolium salts based on the Mitsunobu reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.03.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Azzouz R, Fruit C, Bischoff L, Marsais F. A Concise Synthesis of Lentiginosine Derivatives Using a Pyridinium Formation via the Mitsunobu Reaction. J Org Chem 2008; 73:1154-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo702141b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rabah Azzouz
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Fine et Hétérocyclique, CNRS UMR 6014, IRCOF-INSA, Université de Rouen, B.P. 08, 76131 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France ;
| | - Corinne Fruit
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Fine et Hétérocyclique, CNRS UMR 6014, IRCOF-INSA, Université de Rouen, B.P. 08, 76131 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France ;
| | - Laurent Bischoff
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Fine et Hétérocyclique, CNRS UMR 6014, IRCOF-INSA, Université de Rouen, B.P. 08, 76131 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France ;
| | - Francis Marsais
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Fine et Hétérocyclique, CNRS UMR 6014, IRCOF-INSA, Université de Rouen, B.P. 08, 76131 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France ;
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