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Organometallic Chemistry within the Structured Environment Provided by the Macrocyclic Cores of Carbaporphyrins and Related Systems. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031496. [PMID: 36771158 PMCID: PMC9920839 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique environment within the core of carbaporphyrinoid systems provides a platform to explore unusual organometallic chemistry. The ability of these structures to form stable organometallic derivatives was first demonstrated for N-confused porphyrins but many other carbaporphyrin-type systems were subsequently shown to exhibit similar or complementary properties. Metalation commonly occurs with catalytically active transition metal cations and the resulting derivatives exhibit widely different physical, chemical and spectroscopic properties and range from strongly aromatic to nonaromatic and antiaromatic species. Metalation may trigger unusual, highly selective, oxidation reactions. Alkyl group migration has been observed within the cavity of metalated carbaporphyrins, and in some cases ring contraction of the carbocyclic subunit takes place. Over the past thirty years, studies in this area have led to multiple synthetic routes to carbaporphyrinoid ligands and remarkable organometallic chemistry has been reported. An overview of this important area is presented.
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Jain P, AbuSalim DI, Lash TD. adj-Dicarbaporphyrinoid Systems: Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization, and Reactivity of 23-Carbabenziporphyrins. J Org Chem 2019; 84:10237-10256. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Deyaa I. AbuSalim
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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Ahmad S, Singhal A, Nisa K, Chauhan SMS. Synthesis of Selenium and Tellurium Core-Modified Azuliporphyrinogens and Benziporphyrinogens and Corresponding Carbaporphyrinoids. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:11333-11340. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sohail Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Anchal Singhal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Kharu Nisa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - S. M. S. Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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Abstract
In 1960, MacDonald and coworkers introduced a new method for porphyrin synthesis that involved the acid-catalyzed condensation of dipyrrylmethane dialdehydes with [Formula: see text],[Formula: see text]-diunsubstituted dipyrrylmethanes or the related dicarboxylic acids, followed by an air oxidation. The key bond forming steps entail electrophilic substitution at two pyrrole units with the aldehyde moieties to generate, following elimination of water, a 5,15-dihydroporphyrin or porphodimethene intermediate. Following addition of sodium acetate, or in later procedures zinc acetate, the dihydroporphyrins readily air oxidize to the fully aromatic porphyrin system. This strategy, which parallels chemistry contemporaneously developed by R. B. Woodward at Harvard for the total synthesis of chlorophyll [Formula: see text], demonstrated that dipyrrylmethanes were sufficiently stable to be utilized as intermediates in porphyrin syntheses and that porphodimethene formation circumvented acidolytic scrambling reactions that might lead to isomeric porphyrin products. This type of chemistry was later adapted by Johnson, Woodward and others to prepare porphyrin-type systems by a “3 + 1” strategy, or expanded porphyrins by “3 + 2” or other combinations of oligopyrrolic precursors. In recent years, the term “MacDonald condensation” has been increasingly used to describe other types of chemistry involving oligopyrrolic intermediates. Following on from a historical review of this area, guidelines for the identification of MacDonald-type reactions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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Lash TD, AbuSalim DI, Ferrence GM. adj-Dicarbachlorin, the first free base carbaporphyrinoid system with an internal methylene unit. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:15952-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06890h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Base-catalyzed condensation of dicyclopentadienylmethane with a dipyrrylmethane dialdehyde gave a dicarbachlorin with an internal CH2 group.
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Lash TD. Benziporphyrins, a unique platform for exploring the aromatic characteristics of porphyrinoid systems. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:7846-78. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00892a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Benziporphyrins and related systems exhibit a wide range of properties and may possess nonaromatic, strongly aromatic or even antiaromatic characteristics.
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18π-Electron Tautomeric Benziphthalocyanine: A Functional Near-Infrared Dye with Tunable Aromaticity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:7814-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201404020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Toriumi N, Muranaka A, Hirano K, Yoshida K, Hashizume D, Uchiyama M. 18π-Electron Tautomeric Benziphthalocyanine: A Functional Near-Infrared Dye with Tunable Aromaticity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201404020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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AbuSalim DI, Ferrence GM, Lash TD. Synthesis of an adj-Dicarbaporphyrin and the Formation of an Unprecedented Tripalladium Sandwich Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:6763-72. [DOI: 10.1021/ja502795x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deyaa I. AbuSalim
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Gregory M. Ferrence
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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AbuSalim DI, Merfeld ML, Lash TD. Dicarbaporphyrinoid Systems. Synthesis of Oxo-adj-dibenziphlorins. J Org Chem 2013; 78:10360-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401756q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deyaa I. AbuSalim
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Michelle L. Merfeld
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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Lash TD, Bergman KM. Further Observations on Conformational and Substituent Effects in Acid-Catalyzed “3 + 1” Cyclizations of Tripyrranes with Aromatic Dialdehydes. J Org Chem 2012; 77:9774-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jo301945f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160,
United States
| | - Katrina M. Bergman
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160,
United States
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Lash TD, Lammer AD, Ferrence GM. Two-Step Synthesis of Stable Dioxadicarbaporphyrins from Bis(3-indenyl)methane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201206385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lash TD, Lammer AD, Ferrence GM. Two-Step Synthesis of Stable Dioxadicarbaporphyrins from Bis(3-indenyl)methane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:10871-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201206385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
Vogel discovered a large number of bridged annulene structures, including constitutional porphyrin isomers, heteroporphyrinoid species such as the tetraoxaporphyrin dication, corrole isomers and novel expanded porphyrinoid systems. In this review, the impact of Vogel's work on the author's research program is discussed. Carbaporphyrinoid systems with one or two carbocyclic rings replacing the usual pyrrole subunits have been synthesized and their diatropic characteristics can be related to the presence of 18π electron delocalization pathways within these macrocycles. The preparation of a dideazaporphyrin also provides strong support for the concept, espoused by Vogel, that porphyrins are examples of bridged annulenes. Ring contractions of azuliporphyrins to benzocarbaporphyrins with tert-butyl hydroperoxide in the presence of base have been proposed to involve a Cope rearrangement where a cycloheptatriene unit rearranges to give a norcaradiene-fused carbaporphyrinoid, followed elimination of tert-butyl alcohol, and Vogel's investigations into these types of valence tautomerization processes provides insights into these unusual transformations. In addition, a new class of porphyrin isomers has been synthesized and these porphyrin analogs extend the observations previously made for N-confused porphyrins and Vogel's constitutional isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA
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Abstract
Core modified porphyrinoids are porphyrin analogs which differ from these by containing at least one non-pyrrolic aromatic ring. The result of core modification is to produce systems with novel and unique physical and electronic properties. In this review, the various possible core modified porphyrins and their syntheses are summarized starting by porphyrinoids with one pyrrolic nitrogen replaced followed by porphyrin-related macrocycles with two or more pyrrole rings exchanged. In addition the spectroscopic properties, especially the UV-vis absorption profiles and proton NMR shifts emanating from their core modifications are discussed and summarized in a table.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Arnold
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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Abstract
The aromatic nature of porphyrins is commonly attributed to the presence of an [18]annulene substructure. However, this viewpoint has been disputed. Drawing on a range of examples of carbaporphyrinoid systems from the author's own studies, the [18]annulene model is shown to be a self-consistent and insightful approach for considering the aromatic properties of these porphyrin analogs. Benziporphyrins provide a continuum of porphyrinoid structures that range from nonaromatic to highly aromatic species and the presence of 18π electron delocalization pathways provides an excellent explanation for the variations in their properties. The same type of analysis is applied to carbaporphyrins, tropiporphyrins, azuliporphyrins, N-confused porphyrins, pyrazoloporphyrins and dicarbaporphyrins. Nevertheless, these properties might also be explained by a 22π electron delocalization model proposed by Schleyer. The [18]annulene model gains further support from the properties of dideazaporphyrins which cannot take part in this type of 22π electron delocalization but nevertheless retain porphyrin-like aromatic properties. These results support the concept that porphyrins are bridged [18]annulenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA
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Lash TD, Lammer AD, Idate AS, Colby DA, White K. Preparation of Azulene-Derived Fulvenedialdehydes and Their Application to the Synthesis of Stable adj-Dicarbaporphyrinoids. J Org Chem 2012; 77:2368-81. [DOI: 10.1021/jo2026977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Aaron D. Lammer
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Aparna S. Idate
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Denise A. Colby
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Kristen White
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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Muranaka A, Ohira S, Hashizume D, Koshino H, Kyotani F, Hirayama M, Uchiyama M. [18]/[20]π Hemiporphyrazine: A Redox-Switchable Near-Infrared Dye. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 134:190-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja210410c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuya Muranaka
- Advanced Elements
Chemistry
Research Team, RIKEN-ASI, Wako-shi, Saitama
351-0198, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi,
Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shino Ohira
- Advanced Elements
Chemistry
Research Team, RIKEN-ASI, Wako-shi, Saitama
351-0198, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- Advanced
Technology Support Division, RIKEN-ASI,
Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koshino
- Molecular Characterization Team, RIKEN-ASI, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Fumiko Kyotani
- Advanced Elements
Chemistry
Research Team, RIKEN-ASI, Wako-shi, Saitama
351-0198, Japan
| | - Machiko Hirayama
- Advanced Elements
Chemistry
Research Team, RIKEN-ASI, Wako-shi, Saitama
351-0198, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Advanced Elements
Chemistry
Research Team, RIKEN-ASI, Wako-shi, Saitama
351-0198, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1
Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Lash TD, Miyake K, Xu L, Ferrence GM. Synthesis of a Series of Aromatic Benziporphyrins and Heteroanalogues via Tripyrrane-Like Intermediates Derived from Resorcinol and 2-Methylresorcinol. J Org Chem 2011; 76:6295-308. [DOI: 10.1021/jo201098c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Kae Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Linlin Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Gregory M. Ferrence
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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Jain P, Ferrence GM, Lash TD. Preparation of Furan and Thiophene-Derived Fulvene Dialdehydes: Synthesis and Structural Characterization of a 22-Oxa-21-carbaporphyrin and a Related Palladium(II) Organometallic Complex. J Org Chem 2010; 75:6563-73. [DOI: 10.1021/jo101310m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160
| | - Gregory M. Ferrence
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160
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Preparation of stable fulvene and difulvene aldehydes from benzaldehydes and an indene-derived enamine: formation of novel indene-fused benzodiazepines and attempted syntheses of di- and tricarbaporphyrinoid systems. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Lash TD, El-Beck JA, Colby DA. Synthesis of a Tetraazulene Porphodimethene Analogue. J Org Chem 2009; 74:8830-3. [DOI: 10.1021/jo901959k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160
| | - Jessica A. El-Beck
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160
| | - Denise A. Colby
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160
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Sprutta N, Maćkowiak S, Kocik M, Szterenberg L, Lis T, Latos-Grażyński L. Tetraazuliporphyrin Tetracation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200900496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Sprutta N, Maćkowiak S, Kocik M, Szterenberg L, Lis T, Latos-Grażyński L. Tetraazuliporphyrin Tetracation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:3337-41. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200900496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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Lash TD. Recent Advances on the Synthesis and Chemistry of Carbaporphyrins and Related Porphyrinoid Systems. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200700478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790‐4160, U.S.A., Fax: +1‐309‐438‐5538
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