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Paulsen B, Fredriksen KA, Petersen D, Maes L, Matheeussen A, Naemi AO, Scheie AA, Simm R, Ma R, Wan B, Franzblau S, Gundersen LL. Synthesis and antimicrobial activities of N 6-hydroxyagelasine analogs and revision of the structure of ageloximes. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:620-629. [PMID: 30638761 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
(+)-N6-Hydroxyagelasine D, the enantiomer of the proposed structure of (-)-ageloxime D, as well as N6-hydroxyagelasine analogs were synthesized by selective N-7 alkylation of N6-[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyloxy]-9-methyl-9H-purin-6-amine in order to install the terpenoid side chain, followed by fluoride mediated removal of the TBDMS-protecting group. N6-Hydroxyagelasine D and the analog carrying a geranylgeranyl side chain displayed profound antimicrobial activities against several pathogenic bacteria and protozoa and inhibited bacterial biofilm formation. However these compounds were also toxic towards mammalian fibroblast cells (MRC-5). The spectral data of N6-hydroxyagelasine D did not match those reported for ageloxime D before. Hence, a revised structure of ageloxime D was proposed. Basic hydrolysis of agelasine D gave (+)-N-[4-amino-6-(methylamino)pyrimidin-5-yl]-N-copalylformamide, a compound with spectral data in full agreement with those reported for (-)-ageloxime D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Paulsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kim Alex Fredriksen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dirk Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - An Matheeussen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ali-Oddin Naemi
- Institute of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1052, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Aamdal Scheie
- Institute of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1052, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Roger Simm
- Institute of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1052, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Rui Ma
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Baojie Wan
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Scott Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lise-Lotte Gundersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway.
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Wåhlander J, Amedjkouh M, Gundersen LL. Synthesis directed towards trans-clerodanes employing an exo-selective Diels–Alder reaction as a key-step. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-018-2277-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lambrecht MJ, Kelly JW, Shenvi RA. Mechanism of Action of the Cytotoxic Asmarine Alkaloids. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1299-1306. [PMID: 29653046 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The asmarines are a family of cytotoxic natural products whose mechanism of action is unknown. Here, we used chemical synthesis to reverse engineer the asmarines and understand the functions of their individual components. We found that the potent asmarine analog "delmarine" arrested the mammalian cell cycle in the G1 phase and that both cell cycle arrest and cytotoxicity were rescued by cotreatment with ferric and ferrous salts. Cellular iron deprivation was clearly indicated by changes in iron-responsive protein markers, and cytotoxicity occurred independently of radical oxygen species (ROS) production. Chemical synthesis allowed for annotation of the distinct structural motifs required for these effects, especially the unusual diazepine, which we found enforced an iron-binding tautomer without distortion of the NCNO dihedral angle out of plane. With this information and a correlation of cytotoxicity with logP, we could replace the diazepine by lipophilic group appendage to N9, which avoided steric clash with the N6-alkyl required to access the aminopyridine. This study transformed the asmarines, scarce marine metabolites, into easily synthesized, modular chemotypes that may complement or succeed iron-selective binders in clinical trials and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Lambrecht
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jeffery W. Kelly
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ryan A. Shenvi
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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García PA, Valles E, Díez D, Castro MÁ. Marine Alkylpurines: A Promising Group of Bioactive Marine Natural Products. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16010006. [PMID: 29301246 PMCID: PMC5793054 DOI: 10.3390/md16010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine secondary metabolites with a purine motif in their structure are presented in this review. The alkylpurines are grouped according to the size of the alkyl substituents and their location on the purine ring. Aspects related to the marine source, chemical structure and biological properties are considered together with synthetic approaches towards the natural products and bioactive analogues. This review contributes to studies of structure–activity relationships for these metabolites and highlights the potential of the sea as a source of new lead compounds in diverse therapeutic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A García
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, Pharmacy Faculty, CIETUS, IBSAL, University of Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Elena Valles
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, Pharmacy Faculty, CIETUS, IBSAL, University of Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - David Díez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Salamanca, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - María-Ángeles Castro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, Pharmacy Faculty, CIETUS, IBSAL, University of Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain.
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Hennum M, Odden HH, Gundersen LL. Rearrangement Reactions Leading to Optically Active α,α-Disubstituted Primary Allylamines. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hennum
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oslo; P. O. Box 1033, Blindern 0315 Oslo Norway
| | - Hege Hortemo Odden
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oslo; P. O. Box 1033, Blindern 0315 Oslo Norway
| | - Lise-Lotte Gundersen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oslo; P. O. Box 1033, Blindern 0315 Oslo Norway
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Chamgordani EJ, Paulsen J, Gundersen LL. Selective N-7 alkylation of 3-methylhypoxanthine; the first synthesis of malonganenone J. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wan KK, Iwasaki K, Umotoy JC, Wolan DW, Shenvi RA. Nitrosopurines en route to potently cytotoxic asmarines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:2410-5. [PMID: 25580910 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201411493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A nitrosopurine ene reaction easily assembles the asmarine pharmacophore and transmits remote stereochemistry to the diazepine-purine hetereocycle. This reaction generates potent cytotoxins which exceed the potency of asmarine A (1.2 μM IC50) and supersede the metabolites as useful leads for biological discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanny K Wan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
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Wan KK, Iwasaki K, Umotoy JC, Wolan DW, Shenvi RA. Nitrosopurines En Route to Potently Cytotoxic Asmarines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201411493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Aarhus TI, Fritze UF, Hennum M, Gundersen LL. Sodium borohydride mediated reduction of N-Boc protected purines and applications in the synthesis of 7-alkyladenines and tetrahydro[1,4]diazepino-[1,2,3-gh]purines. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.08.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Thalassitis AN, Hadjipavlou-Litina DJ, Litinas KE. Synthesis of Fused 9,10-Dihydro-6H-Azepino- and 9,10-Dihydro-6H-[1,3]Diazepino[1,2-e]Purines via Ring Closing Metathesis as Antilipid Peroxidation Agents. J Heterocycl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas N. Thalassitis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 54124 Greece
| | - Dimitra J. Hadjipavlou-Litina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 54124 Greece
| | - Konstantinos E. Litinas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki 54124 Greece
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Efficient synthesis of cytotoxic pyrido[1,2-e]purines from purines employing direct C-allylation and RCM–oxidation as key steps. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Kania J, Gundersen LL. Synthesis ofN-Alkenylpurines by Rearrangements of the CorrespondingN-Allyl Isomers: Scopes and Limitations. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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A ring-closing metathesis approach to eight-membered benzannelated scaffolds and subsequent internal alkene isomerizations. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Read ML, Krapp A, Miranda PO, Gundersen LL. Synthesis of complex fused polycyclic heterocycles utilizing IMDAF reactions of allylamino- or allyloxy-furyl(hetero)arenes. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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15
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Yadav DB, Morgans GL, Aderibigbe BA, Madeley LG, Fernandes MA, Michael JP, de Koning CB, van Otterlo WA. Application of an isomerization-ring-closing metathesis strategy to the synthesis of unsaturated seven-membered, benzo-fused heterocycles containing two heteroatoms. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Litinas KE, Thalassitis A. Synthesis of fused dihydropyrido[e]purines via ring closing metathesis. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Agelasines, asmarines and related compounds are natural products with a hybrid terpene-purine structure isolated from numerous genera of sponges (Agela sp., Raspailia sp.). Some agelasine analogs and related structures have displayed high general toxicity towards protozoa, and have exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against a variety of species, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and also an important cytotoxic activity against several cancer cell lines, including multidrug-resistant ones. Of particular interest in this context are the asmarines (tetrahydro[1,4]diazepino[1,2,3-g,h]purines), which have shown potent antiproliferative activity against several types of human cancer cell lines. This review summarizes the sources of isolation, chemistry and bioactivity of marine alkylpurines and their bioactive derivatives.
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Morgans GL, Ngidi EL, Madeley LG, Khanye SD, Michael JP, de Koning CB, van Otterlo WA. Synthesis of unsaturated 1,4-heteroatom-containing benzo-fused heterocycles using a sequential isomerization–ring-closing metathesis strategy. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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van Otterlo WAL, de Koning CB. Metathesis in the synthesis of aromatic compounds. Chem Rev 2009; 109:3743-82. [PMID: 19618929 DOI: 10.1021/cr900178p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Willem A L van Otterlo
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits 2050, South Africa.
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The first total synthesis of heteromine B, and an improved synthesis of heteromine A; natural products with antitumor activities. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.04.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Herndon JW. The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the Year 2007. Coord Chem Rev 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2008.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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23
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Panayides JL, Pathak R, de Koning CB, van Otterlo WAL. Synthesis of Substituted 2,3-Dihydro-1H-2-benzazepines and 1,2-Dihydroisoquinolines Using an Isomerization-Ring-Closing Metathesis Strategy: Scope and Limitations. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200700473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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