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Sun L, Nie P, Luan L, Herdewijn P, Wang YT. Synthetic approaches and application of clinically approved small-molecule Anti-HIV drugs: An update. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115847. [PMID: 37801826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Application of chemotherapeutic agents to inhibit the HIV replication process has brought about a significant metamorphosis in the landscape of AIDS. Substantial declines in morbidity and mortality rates have been attained, accompanied by notable decreases in healthcare resource utilization. However, treatment modalities do not uniformly inhibit HIV replication in every patient, while the emergence of drug-resistant viral strains poses a substantial obstacle to subsequent therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, chronic administration of therapy may lead to the manifestation of toxicities. These challenges necessitate the exploration of novel pharmacological agents and innovative therapeutic approaches aimed at effectively managing the persistent viral replication characteristic of chronic infection. This review examines the role of clinically approved small-molecule drugs in the treatment of HIV/AIDS, which provides an in-depth analysis of the major classes of small-molecule drugs, including nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), integrase inhibitors, entry inhibitors, and pharmacokinetic enhancers. The review mainly discusses the application, synthetic routes, and mechanisms of action of small-molecule drugs employed in the treatment of HIV, as well as their use in combination with antiretroviral therapy, presenting viewpoints on forthcoming avenues in the development of novel anti-HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Sun
- Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China
| | - Peng Nie
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute of Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Li Luan
- Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China.
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute of Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Ya-Tao Wang
- First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Henan Province, Shangqiu, 476100, China; Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute of Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Han J, Konno H, Sato T, Soloshonok VA, Izawa K. Tailor-made amino acids in the design of small-molecule blockbuster drugs. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 220:113448. [PMID: 33906050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of amino acids (AAs) in modern health industry is well-appreciated. Residues of individual AAs, or their chemical modifications, such as diamines and amino alcohols, are frequently found in the structures of modern pharmaceuticals. The goal of this review article, is to emphasize that, currently, tailor-made AAs serve as key structural features in many most successful pharmaceuticals, so-called blockbuster drugs. In the present article, we profile 14 small-molecule drugs, underscoring the breadth of structural variety of AAs applications in numerous therapeutic areas. For each compound, we provide spectrum of biological activity, medicinal chemistry discovery, and synthetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hiroyuki Konno
- Department of Biological Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Sato
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-19-40, Nankokita, Suminoe-ku, Osaka, 559-0034, Japan
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, Plaza Bizkaia, 48013, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Kunisuke Izawa
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-19-40, Nankokita, Suminoe-ku, Osaka, 559-0034, Japan.
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Tyagi M, Begnini F, Poongavanam V, Doak BC, Kihlberg J. Drug Syntheses Beyond the Rule of 5. Chemistry 2019; 26:49-88. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Tyagi
- Department of Chemistry–BMC Uppsala University Box 576 75123 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Fabio Begnini
- Department of Chemistry–BMC Uppsala University Box 576 75123 Uppsala Sweden
| | | | - Bradley C. Doak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, MIPS Monash University 381 Royal Parade Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Jan Kihlberg
- Department of Chemistry–BMC Uppsala University Box 576 75123 Uppsala Sweden
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Yang Q, Zhao F, Zhang N, Liu M, Hu H, Zhang J, Zhou S. Mild dynamic kinetic resolution of amines by coupled visible-light photoredox and enzyme catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:14065-14068. [PMID: 30420981 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc07990k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we described photoenzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of amines under mild conditions. The racemization of amines via a photoredox-mediated hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) protocol in conjunction with an enzyme catalyst to achieve the DKR of amines allows a variety of primary amines to be converted into a single enantiomer in high yield and with excellent enantioselectivity. Notably, this protocol can also be extended to 1,4-diamine derivatives with high levels of diastereo- and enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China.
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Facchetti G, Gandolfi R, Fusè M, Zerla D, Cesarotti E, Pellizzoni M, Rimoldi I. Simple 1,3-diamines and their application as ligands in ruthenium(ii) catalysts for asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of aryl ketones. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj00110b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new efficient synthesis of 1,3-diamines was realized and their ruthenium(ii) complexes were studied in ATH in aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Facchetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche
- Sez. Chimica Generale e Organica “A. Marchesini”
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Raffaella Gandolfi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche
- Sez. Chimica Generale e Organica “A. Marchesini”
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Marco Fusè
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche
- Sez. Chimica Generale e Organica “A. Marchesini”
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Daniele Zerla
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche
- Sez. Chimica Generale e Organica “A. Marchesini”
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Edoardo Cesarotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche
- Sez. Chimica Generale e Organica “A. Marchesini”
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Michela Pellizzoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche
- Sez. Chimica Generale e Organica “A. Marchesini”
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Isabella Rimoldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche
- Sez. Chimica Generale e Organica “A. Marchesini”
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
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Kano T, Sakamoto R, Maruoka K. Remote chirality control based on the organocatalytic asymmetric Mannich reaction of α-thio acetaldehydes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:942-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc47827k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Structure-activity relationships of diamine inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A as novel pharmacoenhancers, part I: core region. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 24:989-94. [PMID: 24411125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ritonavir (RTV), an HIV-1 protease inhibitor (PI), is also a potent mechanism-based inhibitor of human cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) and has been widely prescribed as a pharmacoenhancer. As a boosting agent for marketed PIs, it reduces pill burden, and improves compliance. Removal of the hydroxyl group from RTV reduces, but does not eliminate HIV PI activity and does not affect CYP3A inhibition. Herein we report the discovery of a novel series of CYP3A inhibitors that are devoid of antiviral activity. The synthesis and evaluation of analogs with extensive modifications of the 1,4-diamine core along with the structure activity relationships with respect to anti-HIV activity, CYP3A inhibitory activity, selectivity against other CYP enzymes and the human pregnane X receptor (PXR) will be discussed.
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Xu L, Liu H, Murray BP, Callebaut C, Lee MS, Hong A, Strickley RG, Tsai LK, Stray KM, Wang Y, Rhodes GR, Desai MC. Cobicistat (GS-9350): A Potent and Selective Inhibitor of Human CYP3A as a Novel Pharmacoenhancer. ACS Med Chem Lett 2010; 1:209-13. [PMID: 24900196 DOI: 10.1021/ml1000257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cobicistat (3, GS-9350) is a newly discovered, potent, and selective inhibitor of human cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) enzymes. In contrast to ritonavir, 3 is devoid of anti-HIV activity and is thus more suitable for use in boosting anti-HIV drugs without risking selection of potential drug-resistant HIV variants. Compound 3 shows reduced liability for drug interactions and may have potential improvements in tolerability over ritonavir. In addition, 3 has high aqueous solubility and can be readily coformulated with other agents.
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Ramu E, Venkateswara Rao B. A short approach to the synthesis of the ritonavir and lopinavir core and its C-3 epimer via cross metathesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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