1
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Qiu S, Frawley AT, Leslie KG, Anderson HL. How do donor and acceptor substituents change the photophysical and photochemical behavior of dithienylethenes? The search for a water-soluble visible-light photoswitch. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9123-9135. [PMID: 37655022 PMCID: PMC10466371 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01458d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dithienylethenes are a type of diarylethene and they constitute one of the most widely studied classes of photoswitch, yet there have been no systematic studies of how electron-donor or -acceptor substituents affect their properties. Here we report eight dithienylethenes bearing push-push, pull-pull and push-pull substitution patterns with different lengths of conjugation in the backbone and investigate their photophysical and photochemical properties. Donor-acceptor interactions in the closed forms of push-pull dithienylethenes shift their absorption spectra into the near-infrared region (λmax ≈ 800 nm). The push-pull systems also exhibit low quantum yields for photochemical electrocyclization, and computational studies indicate that this can be attributed to stabilization of the parallel, rather than anti-parallel, conformations. The pull-pull systems have the highest quantum yields for switching in both directions, ring-closure and ring-opening. The chloride salt of a pull-pull DTE, with alkynes on both arms, is the first water-soluble dithienylethene that can achieve >95% photostationary state distribution in both directions with visible light. It has excellent fatigue resistance: in aqueous solution on irradiation at 365 nm, the photochemical quantum yields for switching and decomposition are 0.15 and 2.6 × 10-5 respectively, i.e. decomposition is more than 5000 times slower than photoswitching. These properties make it a promising candidate for biological applications such as super-resolution microscopy and photopharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sili Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Andrew T Frawley
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Kathryn G Leslie
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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2
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Mantero MC, Oggioni L, Pariani G, Ortica F, Tosi S, Canepa M, Bertarelli C, Tommasini M, Bianco A. High response photochromic films based on D-A diarylethenes and their application in holography. RSC Adv 2020; 10:26177-26187. [PMID: 35519783 PMCID: PMC9055363 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05535b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A set of photochromic dithienylethenes bearing amino and nitro groups are synthesised and embedded at high concentrations in a polymer matrix (Cellulose Acetate Butyrate, CAB) to produce films showing a large reversible modulation of the complex refractive index in the Vis-NIR spectral range, thanks to an interesting combination of remarkable response at the molecular level and very high load capability in the chosen matrix. The photochromic derivatives are characterized in solution and in CAB films by means of electronic and vibrational spectroscopy, complemented by DFT calculations. Both the real and imaginary part of the refractive index are determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The modulation of the refractive index in the near infrared is in the range 0.02–0.04. These are very large values for such kinds of systems and they are due to a favourable combination of very large solubility of the derivatives in CAB and a high polarisability change. As for the change in transparency in the visible, contrast values larger than 103 are easily achieved. Based on such films, holograms are written and reconstructed with a very high fidelity and efficiency. Photochromic diarylethenes with D–A structure are good candidates in holography thanks to their very large modulation of the complex refractive index.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Oggioni
- INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera Via Bianchi 46 23807 Merate Italy
| | - Giorgio Pariani
- INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera Via Bianchi 46 23807 Merate Italy
| | - Fausto Ortica
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Degli Studi di Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 Perugia 06123 Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Perugia Via Pascoli Perugia 06123 Italy
| | - Silvano Tosi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova Via Dodecaneso 33 Genova 16146 Italy.,INFN, Sezione di Genova Via Dodecaneso 33 Genova 16146 Italy
| | - Maurizio Canepa
- OPTMATLAB, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova Via Dodecaneso 33 Genova 16146 Italy
| | - Chiara Bertarelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy.,Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via Pascoli 10 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Matteo Tommasini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Andrea Bianco
- INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera Via Bianchi 46 23807 Merate Italy
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3
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Oggioni L, Toccafondi C, Pariani G, Colella L, Canepa M, Bertarelli C, Bianco A. Photochromic Polyurethanes Showing a Strong Change of Transparency and Refractive Index. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9090462. [PMID: 30965765 PMCID: PMC6418932 DOI: 10.3390/polym9090462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Photochromic polymers have been studied as rewritable systems for optical elements with tunable transparency in the visible and refractive index in the NIR. Six diarylethene monomers have been synthesized to give thin films of photochromic polyurethanes. The absorption properties of the monomers in solution and of the corresponding polymeric films have been evaluated showing that a transparency contrast in the visible spectrum of the order of 103 can be obtained by a suitable choice of the chemical structure and illumination wavelength. The change in the refractive index in the NIR have been determined by ellipsometry showing changes larger than 10−2. A trend of this variation with the absorption properties has been also highlighted. Fresnel lenses working on the basis of both a change of the transparency and the refractive index (amplitude and phase) have been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Oggioni
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, via Bianchi 46, 23807 Merate, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Milano, p.zza L. Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Chiara Toccafondi
- OPTMATLAB, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Pariani
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, via Bianchi 46, 23807 Merate, Italy.
| | - Letizia Colella
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, via Bianchi 46, 23807 Merate, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Milano, p.zza L. Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Canepa
- OPTMATLAB, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy.
| | - Chiara Bertarelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica, Politecnico di Milano, p.zza L. Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Andrea Bianco
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, via Bianchi 46, 23807 Merate, Italy.
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4
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Castagna R, Nardone V, Pariani G, Parisini E, Bianco A. The interplay of soft-hard substituents in photochromic diarylethenes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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5
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Hu F, Jiang L, Cao M, Xu Z, Huang J, Wu D, Yang W, Liu SH, Yin J. Cyanine-based dithienylethenes: synthesis, characterization, photochromism and biological imaging in living cells. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra12606h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Photochromic materials have been widely used in many fields such as electro-optical functional materials and novel bio-materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Lina Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Meijiao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Juanyun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Wenchao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Sheng Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
| | - Jun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
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6
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7
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Bianchini G, Strukul G, Wass DF, Scarso A. Photomodulable phosphines incorporating diarylethene moieties. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16127k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorporation of the dithienylethene moiety as a substituent provides new ‘switchable’ phosphine ligands whose electronic properties are reversibly modulated by light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Bianchini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi
- Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia
- Venezia
- Italy
- School of Chemistry
| | - Giorgio Strukul
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi
- Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia
- Venezia
- Italy
| | - Duncan F. Wass
- School of Chemistry
- University of Bristol
- Cantock's Close
- UK
| | - Alessandro Scarso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi
- Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia
- Venezia
- Italy
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8
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Li C, Zhang S, Wang S, Xie X, Deng C, Ramani VK. Study of Side-chain Effects on the Properties of Anion-exchange Membrane with In Situ Photoswitch. CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.140362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cunpu Li
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University
| | - Shiman Zhang
- The Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University
| | - Shubo Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University
| | - Xiaofeng Xie
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University
| | - Changsheng Deng
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University
| | - Vijay K. Ramani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology
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9
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Szalóki G, Pozzo JL. Synthesis of Symmetrical and Nonsymmetrical Bisthienylcyclopentenes. Chemistry 2013; 19:11124-32. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Yagai S, Ishiwatari K, Lin X, Karatsu T, Kitamura A, Uemura S. Rational Design of Photoresponsive Supramolecular Assemblies Based on Diarylethene. Chemistry 2013; 19:6971-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Weidner T, Baio JE, Seibel J, Siemeling U. Dithienylcyclopentene-functionalised subphthalocyaninatoboron complexes: photochromism, luminescence modulation and formation of self-assembled monolayers on gold. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:1553-61. [PMID: 22138955 DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11644d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Subphthalocyaninatoboron (SubPc) complexes bearing six peripheral n-dodecylthio substituents and an apical photochromic dithienylperfluorocyclopentene unit were prepared. The photoinduced isomerisation of the apical substituent from the open to the ring-closed form significantly influences the photoluminescence of the covalently attached SubPc unit, which is more efficiently quenched by the ring-closed form. Films on gold were fabricated from these multifunctional conjugates and characterised by near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results are in accord with the formation of self-assembled monolayers based on dome-shaped SubPc-based anchor groups. Their chemisorption is primarily due to the peripheral n-dodecylthio substituents, giving rise to covalently attached thiolate as well as coordinatively bound thioether units, whose alkyl chains are in an almost parallel orientation to the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Weidner
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems (NESAC/BIO), Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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12
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Castagna R, Garbugli M, Bianco A, Perissinotto S, Pariani G, Bertarelli C, Lanzani G. Photochromic Electret: A New Tool for Light Energy Harvesting. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:51-57. [PMID: 26697774 DOI: 10.1021/jz2014506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a photochromic electret for light energy harvesting is proposed and discussed. Such electret directly converts the photon energy into electric energy thanks to a polarization modulation caused by the photochromic reaction, which leads to a change in dipole moment. Theoretical concepts on which the photochromic electret is based are considered with an estimation of the effectiveness as a function of material properties. Finally, an electret based on a photochromic diarylethene is shown with the photoelectric characterization as a proof of concept device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Castagna
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta" , piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via G. Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Michele Garbugli
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via G. Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Bianco
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera , via E. Bianchi 46, 23807 Merate, Italy
| | - Stefano Perissinotto
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via G. Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Pariani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta" , piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera , via E. Bianchi 46, 23807 Merate, Italy
| | - Chiara Bertarelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta" , piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via G. Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Lanzani
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via G. Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
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13
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Beydoun K, Boixel J, Guerchais V, Doucet H. Direct arylation of dithienylperfluorocyclopentenes via palladium-catalysed C–H bond activation: a simpler access to photoswitches. Catal Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cy00491g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Migulin VA, Krayushkin MM, Barachevsky VA, Kobeleva OI, Valova TM, Lyssenko KA. Synthesis and Characterization of Nonsymmetric Cyclopentene-Based Dithienylethenes. J Org Chem 2011; 77:332-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jo201966g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vasily A. Migulin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic
Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Leninsky prospect, 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation,
| | - Michael M. Krayushkin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic
Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Leninsky prospect, 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation,
| | - Valery A. Barachevsky
- Photochemistry Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novatorov str., 7a, 119421
Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Olga I. Kobeleva
- Photochemistry Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novatorov str., 7a, 119421
Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana M. Valova
- Photochemistry Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novatorov str., 7a, 119421
Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin A. Lyssenko
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of
Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str., 28, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
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15
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Perissinotto S, Garbugli M, Fazzi D, Bertarelli C, Carvelli M, Srimath Kandada AR, Yue Z, Wong KS, Lanzani G. Optical Modulation of Amplified Emission in a Polyfluorene-Diarylethene Blend. Chemphyschem 2011; 12:3619-23. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Pariani G, Bianco A, Castagna R, Bertarelli C. Kinetics of Photochromic Conversion at the Solid State: Quantum Yield of Dithienylethene-Based Films. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:12184-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jp207210p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Pariani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, via E. Bianchi 46, 23807 Merate, Italy
| | - Andrea Bianco
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, via E. Bianchi 46, 23807 Merate, Italy
| | - Rossella Castagna
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via G. Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Bertarelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via G. Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
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17
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Pariani G, Bertarelli C, Dassa G, Bianco A, Zerbi G. Photochromic polyurethanes for rewritable CGHs in optical testing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:4536-4541. [PMID: 21369285 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.004536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The development of photochromic Computer Generated Holograms (CGHs) to test any complex optics, such as aspheres and free-form optics, is described. A thermally irreversible photochromic polyurethane has been synthesized to give good thin films with a strong modulation of the optical transmission. The photochromic CGH has been tested with a simple interferometrical configuration showing promising results. The use of photochromic CGHs provides advantages over standard technologies, as rewritability and self developing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Pariani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica G. Natta, piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano, Italy.
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19
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Pariani G, Castagna R, Dassa G, Hermes S, Vailati C, Bianco A, Bertarelli C. Diarylethene-based photochromic polyurethanes for multistate optical memories. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm11870f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Syntheses of Photochromic Dihetarylethenes. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386011-8.00001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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21
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Heterocyclic Dyes: Preparation, Properties, and Applications. PROGRESS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(11)22002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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