1
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Ma P, Svatunek D, Zhu Z, Boger DL, Duan XH, Houk KN. Computational Studies of Reactions of 1,2,4,5-Tetrazines with Enamines in MeOH and HFIP. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18706-18713. [PMID: 38941192 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
The reaction between 1,2,4,5-tetrazines and alkenes in polar solvents proceeds through a Diels-Alder cycloaddition along the C-C axis (C3/C6 cycloaddition) of the tetrazine, followed by dinitrogen loss. By contrast, the reactions of 1,2,4,5-tetrazines with enamines in hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) give 1,2,4-triazine products stemming from a formal Diels-Alder addition across the N-N axis (N1/N4 cycloaddition). We explored the mechanism of this interesting solvent effect through DFT calculations in detail and revealed a novel reaction pathway characterized by C-N bond formation, deprotonation, and a 3,3-sigmatropic rearrangement. The participation of an HFIP molecule was found to be crucial to the N1/N4 selectivity over C3/C6 due to the more favored initial C-N bond formation than C-C bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchen Ma
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Dennis Svatunek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Zixi Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Xin-Hua Duan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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2
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Li W, Liu S. A biomimetic approach to lycogarubin C, lynamicin D and related analogues. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2558-2561. [PMID: 38450726 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00033a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
An efficient and biomimetic synthetic approach to 3,4-diindolylpyrrole-2,5-dicarboxylate derivatives, including lycogarubin C, lynamicin D and related analogues, was discovered. The crucial transformation included the one-pot formation of two C-N bonds and one C-C bond to construct characteristic pyrrole rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China.
| | - Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China.
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
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3
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Zheng X, Li Y, Guan M, Wang L, Wei S, Li YC, Chang CY, Xu Z. Biomimetic Total Synthesis of the Spiroindimicin Family of Natural Products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208802. [PMID: 35904849 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A unified strategy for the biomimetic total synthesis of the spiroindimicin family of natural products was reported. Key transformations include a one-pot two-enzyme-catalyzed oxidative dimerization of L-tryptophan/5-chloro-L-tryptophan to afford the bis-indole precursors chromopyrrolic acid/5',5''-dichloro-chromopyrrolic acid, and regioselective C3'-C2'' and C3'-C4'' bond formation converting a common bis-indole skeleton to two skeletally different natural products, including (±)-spiroindimicins D and G with a [5,5] spiro-ring skeleton, and (±)-spiroindimicins A and H with a [5,6] spiro-ring skeleton, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xikang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Mengtie Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Lingyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Shilong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Cheng Li
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, P. R. China
| | - Chin-Yuan Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, P. R. China
| | - Zhengren Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
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4
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Zheng X, Li Y, Guan M, Wang L, Wei S, Li YC, Chang CY, Xu Z. Biomimetic Total Synthesis of the Spiroindimicin Family of Natural Products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xikang Zheng
- Peking University State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Yan Li
- Peking University State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Mengtie Guan
- Peking University State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Lingyue Wang
- Peking University State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Shilong Wei
- Peking University State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Yi-Cheng Li
- National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Department of Biological Sciences and Technology TAIWAN
| | - Chin-Yuan Chang
- National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Department of Biological Sciences and Technology TAIWAN
| | - Zhengren Xu
- Peking University State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District 100191 Beijing CHINA
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5
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Domingo LR, Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Pérez P. A molecular electron density theory study of the participation of tetrazines in aza-Diels–Alder reactions. RSC Adv 2020; 10:15394-15405. [PMID: 35495430 PMCID: PMC9052947 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01548b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The reactions of eight tetrazines of increased electrophilic character with nucleophilic tetramethyl ethylene (TME) and with electrophilic tetracyanoethylene (TCE) have been studied using Molecular Electron Density Theory. These reactions are domino processes comprising an aza-Diels–Alder (ADA) reaction followed by an extrusion of molecular nitrogen, yielding a dihydropyridazine. Analysis of the conceptual DFT (CDFT) indices showed an increase of the electrophilicity and a decrease of the nucleophilicity of tetrazines with an increase of the electron-withdrawing character of the substituent. A very good correlation between the global electron density transfer at the transition structures and the activation enthalpies for the ADA reactions involving TME was found. However, tetrazines have no tendency to react with electrophilic ethylenes such as TCE. Bonding Evolution Theory (BET) analysis of the ADA reaction of dinitro tetrazine with TME showed that the activation energy is mainly associated with the continuous depopulation of the C–C and C–N double bonds. The electron-withdrawing substituents on the tetrazine favour aza-Diels–Alder reactions towards nucleophilic ethylenes, but they do not react with electrophilic ethylenes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Valencia
- Valencia
- Spain
| | - Mar Ríos-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Valencia
- Valencia
- Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group
- 8370146 Santiago
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6
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Zhang J, Shukla V, Boger DL. Inverse Electron Demand Diels-Alder Reactions of Heterocyclic Azadienes, 1-Aza-1,3-Butadienes, Cyclopropenone Ketals, and Related Systems. A Retrospective. J Org Chem 2019; 84:9397-9445. [PMID: 31062977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A summary of the investigation and applications of the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction is provided that have been conducted in our laboratory over a period that now spans more than 35 years. The work, which continues to provide solutions to complex synthetic challenges, is presented in the context of more than 70 natural product total syntheses in which the reactions served as a key strategic step in the approach. The studies include the development and use of the cycloaddition reactions of heterocyclic azadienes (1,2,4,5-tetrazines; 1,2,4-, 1,3,5-, and 1,2,3-triazines; 1,2-diazines; and 1,3,4-oxadiazoles), 1-aza-1,3-butadienes, α-pyrones, and cyclopropenone ketals. Their applications illustrate the power of the methodology, often provided concise and nonobvious total syntheses of the targeted natural products, typically were extended to the synthesis of analogues that contain deep-seated structural changes in more comprehensive studies to explore or optimize their biological properties, and highlight a wealth of opportunities not yet tapped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Vyom Shukla
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
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7
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Yang YF, Yu P, Houk KN. Computational Exploration of Concerted and Zwitterionic Mechanisms of Diels-Alder Reactions between 1,2,3-Triazines and Enamines and Acceleration by Hydrogen-Bonding Solvents. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:18213-18221. [PMID: 29161031 PMCID: PMC6314813 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of Diels-Alder reactions between 1,2,3-triazines and enamines have been explored with density functional theory computations. The focus of this work is on the origins of the different reactivities and mechanisms induced by substituents and by hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) solvent. These inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder reactions of triazines have wide applications in bioorthogonal chemistry and natural product synthesis. Both concerted and stepwise cycloadditions are predicted, depending on the nature of substituents and solvents. The nature of zwitterionic intermediates and the mechanism by which HFIP accelerates cycloadditions with enamines are characterized. Our results show the delicate nature of the concerted versus stepwise mechanism of inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder reactions of 1,2,3-triazines, and that these mechanisms can be altered by electron-withdrawing substituents and hydrogen-bonding solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Peiyuan Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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8
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Ishikawa R, Iwasawa R, Takiyama Y, Yamauchi T, Iwanaga T, Takezaki M, Watanabe M, Teramoto N, Shimasaki T, Shibata M. Synthesis of 1,2-Bis(2-aryl-1H-indol-3-yl)ethynes via 5-exo-Digonal Double Cyclization Reactions of 1,4-Bis(2-isocyanophenyl)buta-1,3-diyne with Aryl Grignard Reagents. J Org Chem 2016; 82:652-663. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rino Ishikawa
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba 275-0016, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Iwasawa
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba 275-0016, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Takiyama
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba 275-0016, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yamauchi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Iwanaga
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Makoto Takezaki
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Motonori Watanabe
- International
Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (I2CNER), Molecular Photoconversion Devices Division, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Naozumi Teramoto
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba 275-0016, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Shimasaki
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba 275-0016, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Shibata
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba 275-0016, Japan
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9
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Yang YF, Liang Y, Liu F, Houk KN. Diels-Alder Reactivities of Benzene, Pyridine, and Di-, Tri-, and Tetrazines: The Roles of Geometrical Distortions and Orbital Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:1660-7. [PMID: 26804318 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cycloadditions of benzene and ten different azabenzenes (pyridine, three diazines, three triazines, and three tetrazines) with the ethylene dienophile have been explored with density functional theory (M06-2X) and analyzed with the distortion/interaction model. Activation barriers correlate closely with both distortion energies and interaction energies over an activation energy range of 45 kcal/mol. The replacement of CH with N increases Diels-Alder reactivity due not only to the more favorable orbital interaction, but also to a decrease in distortion energy. The rates of reactions are greatly influenced by the nature of the bonds being formed: two C-C bonds > one C-C bond, and one C-N bond > two C-N bonds. The activation energy of Diels-Alder reactions correlates very well with reaction energies and with the NICS(0) values of the aromatic dienes. The distortion energy of the Diels-Alder reaction transition states mostly arises from the diene out-of-plane distortion energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yong Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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10
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Molecular Dynamics of the Diels–Alder Reactions of Tetrazines with Alkenes and N2 Extrusions from Adducts. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:4749-58. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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11
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Heravi MM, Ahmadi T, Ghavidel M, Heidari B, Hamidi H. Recent applications of the hetero Diels–Alder reaction in the total synthesis of natural products. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra17488k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthetic utility and potential power of the Diels–Alder (D–A) reaction in organic chemistry is evident.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hoda Hamidi
- Department of Chemistry
- Alzahra University
- Tehran
- Iran
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12
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Gupton JT, Telang N, Patteson J, Lescalleet K, Yeudall S, Sobieski J, Harrison A, Curry W. The application of formyl group activation of bromopyrrole esters to formal syntheses of lycogarubin C, permethyl storniamide A and lamellarin G trimethyl ether. Tetrahedron 2014; 70:9759-9767. [PMID: 25584014 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lycogarubin C, permethyl storniamide A and lamellarin G trimethyl ether are pyrrole containing, natural products, which exhibit interesting biological properties. Such properties include anti-tumor activity on a variety of cancer cell lines including those that confer drug resistance, inhibition of HIV integrase and vascular disrupting activity. We now describe the use of methyl and ethyl 3-bromo-2-formylpyrrole-5-carboxylate as building blocks for the formal synthesis of these three highly functionalized, bioactive pyrroles. These new building blocks will now provide ready access to the natural products and many novel analogs due to the ability to easily modify positions 2,3,4 and 5 of the pyrrole core.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Gupton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
| | - Nakul Telang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
| | - Jon Patteson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
| | - Kristin Lescalleet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
| | - Scott Yeudall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
| | - John Sobieski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
| | - Andrew Harrison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
| | - Will Curry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
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13
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Liu F, Liang Y, Houk KN. Theoretical elucidation of the origins of substituent and strain effects on the rates of Diels-Alder reactions of 1,2,4,5-tetrazines. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:11483-93. [PMID: 25041719 DOI: 10.1021/ja505569a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Diels-Alder reactions of seven 1,2,4,5-tetrazines with unstrained and strained alkenes and alkynes were studied with quantum mechanical calculations (M06-2X density functional theory) and analyzed with the distortion/interaction model. The higher reactivities of alkenes compared to alkynes in the Diels-Alder reactions with tetrazines arise from the differences in both interaction and distortion energies. Alkenes have HOMO energies higher than those of alkynes and therefore stronger interaction energies in inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder reactions with tetrazines. We have also found that the energies to distort alkenes into the Diels-Alder transition-state geometries are smaller than for alkynes in these reactions. The strained dienophiles, trans-cyclooctene and cyclooctyne, are much more reactive than unstrained trans-2-butene and 2-butyne, because they are predistorted toward the Diels-Alder transition structures. The reactivities of substituted tetrazines correlate with the electron-withdrawing abilities of the substituents. Electron-withdrawing groups lower the LUMO+1 of tetrazines, resulting in stronger interactions with the HOMO of dienophiles. Moreover, electron-withdrawing substituents destabilize the tetrazines, and this leads to smaller distortion energies in the Diels-Alder transition states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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14
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Zhou N, Xie T, Liu L, Xie Z. Cu/Mn Co-oxidized Cyclization for the Synthesis of Highly Substituted Pyrrole Derivatives from Amino Acid Esters: A Strategy for the Biomimetic Syntheses of Lycogarubin C and Chromopyrrolic Acid. J Org Chem 2014; 79:6061-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500740w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nini Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Tao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Zhixiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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15
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Scope and Post-Transformations for the Borane-Isocyanide Multicomponent Reactions: Concise Access to Structurally Diverse Heterocyclic Compounds. Adv Synth Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Ishikura M, Abe T, Choshi T, Hibino S. Simple indole alkaloids and those with a non-rearranged monoterpenoid unit. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:694-752. [DOI: 10.1039/c3np20118j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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17
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18
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19
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Silva PJ. Unravelling the Reaction Mechanism of the Reductive Ring Contraction of 1,2-Pyridazines. J Org Chem 2012; 77:4653-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo300448d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Silva
- REQUIMTE/Fac. de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Rua Carlos da Maia, 296, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal.
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20
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Schmidt AW, Reddy KR, Knölker HJ. Occurrence, Biogenesis, and Synthesis of Biologically Active Carbazole Alkaloids. Chem Rev 2012; 112:3193-328. [PMID: 22480243 DOI: 10.1021/cr200447s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 899] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arndt W. Schmidt
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden,
Bergstrasse 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kethiri R. Reddy
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden,
Bergstrasse 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Knölker
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität Dresden,
Bergstrasse 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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21
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Ivanova OA, Budynina EM, Chagarovskiy AO, Rakhmankulov ER, Trushkov IV, Semeykin AV, Shimanovskii NL, Melnikov MY. Domino Cyclodimerization of Indole-Derived Donor-Acceptor Cyclopropanes: One-Step Construction of the Pentaleno[1,6-a,b]indole Skeleton. Chemistry 2011; 17:11738-42. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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22
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Prokhorov AM, Kozhevnikov DN. Triazines, Tetrazines, and Fused Ring Polyaza Systems. PROGRESS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-096805-6.00014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Russel JS, Pelkey ET, Greger JG. Five-Membered Ring Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-096805-6.00006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Abstract
Two complementary concise total syntheses of lycogarubin C (1) and lycogalic acid (2, aka chromopyrrolic acid) are detailed utilizing a 1,2,4,5-tetrazine --> 1,2-diazine --> pyrrole Diels-Alder strategy and enlisting acetylenic dienophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Oakdale
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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25
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Young IS, Thornton PD, Thompson A. Synthesis of natural products containing the pyrrolic ring. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:1801-39. [DOI: 10.1039/c0np00014k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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