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Molnár M, Treuerne Balázs KE, Madarász Z, Nyerges M. New reactions of 3,4‐dihydro‐6,7‐dimethoxyisoquinoline ylide with nitrile derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Márk Molnár
- Servier Research Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, 7 Záhony street Budapest Hungary
| | - Krisztina E. Treuerne Balázs
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health N214, Pharmacy and Bank Building A15, The University of Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Zoltán Madarász
- Servier Research Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, 7 Záhony street Budapest Hungary
| | - Miklós Nyerges
- Servier Research Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, 7 Záhony street Budapest Hungary
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2
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Torres Domínguez HM, Hernández Villaverde LM, Le Lagadec R. Recent Advances on O-Ethoxycarbonyl and O-Acyl Protected Cyanohydrins. Molecules 2021; 26:4691. [PMID: 34361844 PMCID: PMC8347998 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethoxycarbonyl cyanohydrins and O-acyl cyanohydrins are examples of O-protected cyanohydrins in which the protecting group presents an electrophilic center, contributing to additional reaction pathways. The first section of this review describes recent advances on the synthesis of O-ethoxycarbonyl and O-acyl protected cyanohydrins. Reactions using KCN or alkyl cyanoformates as the cyanide ion source are described, as well as organic and transition metal catalysis used in their preparation, including asymmetric cyanation. In a second part, transformations, and synthetic applications of O-ethoxycarbonyl/acyl cyanohydrins are presented. A variety of structures has been obtained starting from such protected cyanohydrins and, in particular, the synthesis of oxazoles, 1,4-diketones, 1,3-diketones, 2-vinyl-2-cyclopentenones through various methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ronan Le Lagadec
- Instituto de Química, UNAM, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; (H.M.T.D.); (L.M.H.V.)
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3
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Madroñero D, Mujica-Martinez CA, Vázquez A. Consecutive reactions to construct tricarbonyl compounds and synthetic applications thereof. RSC Adv 2021; 11:33235-33244. [PMID: 35497560 PMCID: PMC9042245 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05187c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A cascade process to construct synthetically valuable β-keto-β′-acylcycloalkanecarboxylic acid esters and their transformation into bicyclic and tricyclic systems through intramolecular condensation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Madroñero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. Mx., 04510, Mexico
| | - Cesar A. Mujica-Martinez
- GIFBA, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Centro de Investigación en Materiales CIMA, Universidad de Nariño, San Juan de Pasto, 520002, Colombia
| | - Alfredo Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. Mx., 04510, Mexico
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5
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Ushakov PY, Tabolin AA, Ioffe SL, Sukhorukov AY. In Situ Generated Magnesium Cyanide as an Efficient Reagent for Nucleophilic Cyanation of Nitrosoalkenes and Parent Nitronates. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Yu. Ushakov
- Laboratory of Functional Organic Compounds; N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Leninsky prospect, 47 119991 Moscow Russia
- Department of Chemistry; M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University; 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Andrey A. Tabolin
- Laboratory of Functional Organic Compounds; N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Leninsky prospect, 47 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Sema L. Ioffe
- Laboratory of Functional Organic Compounds; N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Leninsky prospect, 47 119991 Moscow Russia
| | - Alexey Yu. Sukhorukov
- Laboratory of Functional Organic Compounds; N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Leninsky prospect, 47 119991 Moscow Russia
- Plekhanov Russian University of Economics; Stremyanny per. 36 117997 Moscow Russia
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6
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Zhang H, Liu R, Liu J, Fan B, Li R, Qiao Y, Zhou R. Chemoselective phosphine-catalyzed cyanoacylation of α-dicarbonyl compounds: a general method for the synthesis of cyanohydrin esters with one quaternary stereocenter. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj04867c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A chemoselective phosphine-catalyzed cyanoacylation of α-dicarbonyl compounds with acyl cyanides is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Taiyuan University of Technology
- Taiyuan
- P. R. China
| | - Rongfang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Taiyuan University of Technology
- Taiyuan
- P. R. China
| | - Jialin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Taiyuan University of Technology
- Taiyuan
- P. R. China
| | - Binbin Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Taiyuan University of Technology
- Taiyuan
- P. R. China
| | - Ruifeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Taiyuan University of Technology
- Taiyuan
- P. R. China
| | - Yan Qiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan
- P. R. China
| | - Rong Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Taiyuan University of Technology
- Taiyuan
- P. R. China
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7
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Yao Q, Kong L, Zhang F, Tao X, Li Y. Base-Promoted Tandem Reaction towards Conjugated Dienone or Chromone Derivatives with a Cyano Group: Insertion of Alkynes into C-C σ-Bonds of 3-Oxopropanenitriles. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201700565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiyi Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes; School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China Normal University; 500 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200241 People's Republic of China
| | - Lingkai Kong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes; School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China Normal University; 500 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200241 People's Republic of China
| | - Fangfang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes; School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China Normal University; 500 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200241 People's Republic of China
| | - Xianghua Tao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes; School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China Normal University; 500 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200241 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanzhong Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes; School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China Normal University; 500 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200241 People's Republic of China
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8
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Li P, Liu Y, Cao J, Tao M, Zhang W. Tuning the Catalytic Activity of Tertiary-Amine Functionalized Polyacrylonitrile Fibers by Adjusting the Surface Microenvironment. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201700515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Li
- Department of Chemistry; School of Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry; School of Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Jian Cao
- Department of Chemistry; School of Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Minli Tao
- Department of Chemistry; School of Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Wenqin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; School of Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
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9
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Effective cyanosilylation of aldehydes with copper(II)-based polymeric catalysts. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2016.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Matsukawa S, Kimura J, Yoshioka M. TBD- or PS-TBD-Catalyzed One-Pot Synthesis of Cyanohydrin Carbonates and Cyanohydrin Acetates from Carbonyl Compounds. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21081030. [PMID: 27517899 PMCID: PMC6273017 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21081030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanation reactions of carbonyl compounds with methyl cyanoformate or acetyl cyanide catalyzed by 5 mol % of 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4,4,0]dec-5-ene (TBD) were examined. Using methyl cyanoformate, the corresponding cyanohydrin carbonates were readily obtained in high yield for aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes and ketones. Similar results were obtained when acetyl cyanide was used as the cyanide source. The polymer-supported catalyst, PS-TBD, also acted as a good catalyst for this reaction. PS-TBD was easily recovered and reused with minimal activity loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Matsukawa
- Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan.
| | - Junya Kimura
- Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan.
| | - Miki Yoshioka
- Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan.
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11
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Murayama H, Nagao K, Ohmiya H, Sawamura M. Phosphine-Catalyzed Vicinal Acylcyanation of Alkynoates. Org Lett 2016; 18:1706-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Murayama
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nagao
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Ohmiya
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Masaya Sawamura
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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12
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Zhang J, Wang Y, Du G, Gu CZ, Dai B. N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalysed Direct Synthesis of Cyano Esters via Cyanation-Esterification Reaction of α-Keto Esters. CHINESE J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201500399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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North M, Urwin S. Kinetics and mechanism of base catalysed ethyl cyanoformate addition to aldehydes. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Nicponski DR. 4-(Dimethylamino)pyridine as a catalyst for the lactonization of 4-hydroxy-2-methylenebutanoate esters. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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He L, Zhang J, Fan YC, Du GF, Zhang J, Dai B. N-heterocyclic carbenes mediated cyano-phosphorylation of ketones. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Sadhukhan A, Choudhary MK, Khan NUH, Kureshy RI, Abdi SHR, Bajaj HC. Asymmetric Cyanoethoxy Carbonylation Reaction of Aldehydes Catalyzed by a TiIVMacrocyclic Complex: An Efficient Synthetic Protocol for β-Blocker and α1-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists. ChemCatChem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201200617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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A novel and efficient synthesis of 3,3-disubstituted indol-2-ones via Passerini three-component reactions in the presence of 4Å molecular sieves. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Esmaeili AA, Ghalandarabad SA, Zangouei M. An efficient synthesis of 3-cyano-3-benzoyloxyoxindoles via cyanoacylation of isatins in the presence of 4Å molecular sieves. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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19
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North M, Omedes-Pujol M, Young C. Kinetics and mechanism of the racemic addition of trimethylsilyl cyanide to aldehydes catalysed by Lewis bases. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:4289-98. [PMID: 22544042 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25188d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which four Lewis bases, triethylamine, tetrabutylammonium thiocyanate, tetrabutylammonium azide and tetrabutylammonium cyanide, catalyse the addition of trimethylsilyl cyanide to aldehydes is studied by a combination of kinetic and spectroscopic methods. The reactions can exhibit first or second order kinetics corresponding to three different reaction mechanisms. Spectroscopic evidence for the formation of hypervalent silicon species is obtained for reaction between all of the tetrabutylammonium salts and trimethylsilyl cyanide. The reactions are accelerated by the presence of water in the reaction mixture, an effect which is due to a change in the reaction mechanism from Lewis to Brønsted base catalysis. Tetrabutylammonium thiocyanate is shown to be an excellent catalyst for the synthesis of cyanohydrin trimethylsilyl ethers on a preparative scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael North
- School of Chemistry and University Research Centre in Catalysis and Intensified Processing, Bedson Building, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK NE1 7RU.
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20
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Matsukawa S, Fujikawa S. Polystyrene-supported TBD as an efficient and reusable organocatalyst for cyanosilylation of aldehydes, ketones, and imines. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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21
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Guchhait SK, Chaudhary V, Madaan C. A chemoselective Ugi-type reaction in water using TMSCN as a functional isonitrile equivalent: generation of heteroaromatic molecular diversity. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:9271-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26733k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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N-heterocyclic carbene catalyzed cyanation reaction of carbonyl compounds with ethyl cyanoformate and acetyl cyanide. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.10.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Zhuang Z, Pan F, Fu JG, Chen JM, Liao WW. Construction of Highly Functional Quaternary Carbon Stereocenters via an Organocatalytic Tandem Cyanation–Allylic Alkylation Reaction. Org Lett 2011; 13:6164-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol202499g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhuang
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Feng Pan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jian-Guo Fu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jian-Ming Chen
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wei-Wei Liao
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
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24
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Choi HH, Son YH, Jung MS, Kang EJ. α,β-Unsaturated acyl cyanide synthesis via triethylamine catalyzed redox cyanation. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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25
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Uchida N, Taketoshi A, Kuwabara J, Yamamoto T, Inoue Y, Watanabe Y, Kanbara T. Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Reactivity of a Highly Basic Macrotricyclic Aminopyridine. Org Lett 2010; 12:5242-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol102236f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Uchida
- Tsukuba Research Center for Interdisciplinary Materials Science (TIMS), Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan, and Yokkaichi Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, 1-8 Kasumi, Yokkaichi 510-8540 Japan
| | - Ayako Taketoshi
- Tsukuba Research Center for Interdisciplinary Materials Science (TIMS), Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan, and Yokkaichi Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, 1-8 Kasumi, Yokkaichi 510-8540 Japan
| | - Junpei Kuwabara
- Tsukuba Research Center for Interdisciplinary Materials Science (TIMS), Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan, and Yokkaichi Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, 1-8 Kasumi, Yokkaichi 510-8540 Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamamoto
- Tsukuba Research Center for Interdisciplinary Materials Science (TIMS), Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan, and Yokkaichi Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, 1-8 Kasumi, Yokkaichi 510-8540 Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Inoue
- Tsukuba Research Center for Interdisciplinary Materials Science (TIMS), Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan, and Yokkaichi Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, 1-8 Kasumi, Yokkaichi 510-8540 Japan
| | - Yu Watanabe
- Tsukuba Research Center for Interdisciplinary Materials Science (TIMS), Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan, and Yokkaichi Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, 1-8 Kasumi, Yokkaichi 510-8540 Japan
| | - Takaki Kanbara
- Tsukuba Research Center for Interdisciplinary Materials Science (TIMS), Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan, and Yokkaichi Research Laboratory, Tosoh Corporation, 1-8 Kasumi, Yokkaichi 510-8540 Japan
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