Z-Selective synthesis of o-bromoacetophenone N-tosylhydrazones and formation of 3-methylindazoles in aqueous ethanol

Synthesis of 1,2,4-Triazinones Exploiting the Reactivity of Diazadiene and N-Isocyanate Intermediates

1,2,4-Triazinones are useful compounds, but their synthesis can be challenging. Herein, we report a strategy to build 1,2,4-triazinones using α-bromohydrazones to access diazadienes and exploiting their ability to undergo facile substitution with nitrogen nucleophiles. The N-isocyanate intermediate formed in situ can then undergo cyclization to give the desired triazinones. This provides access to products with various substituents at the 4-position, and with suitable hydrazone precursors (R² = Ph), the cascade reaction yields 1,2,4-triazin-3(2H)-ones at room temperature.

Synthesis of N-phenyl- and N-thiazolyl-1H-indazoles by copper-catalyzed intramolecular N-arylation of ortho-chlorinated arylhydrazones

The broad application of 1H-indazoles has prompted the development of several approaches for the synthesis of such compounds, including metal-free, palladium-, or copper-promoted intramolecular N-arylation of in situ-generated or isolated o-haloarylhydrazones. Such methods mainly start from o-bromo derivatives due to the better yield observed when compared to those obtained from o-chloroarylhydrazones. However, the o-chloroarylaldehydes and o-chloroarylketones used to prepare the arylhydrazones are more commercially available and less expensive than brominated analogs. Seeking to cover a lack in the literature, this work reports a convenient protocol for the synthesis of N-phenyl- and N-thiazolyl-1H-indazoles by copper-catalyzed intramolecular N-arylation of o-chlorinated arylhydrazones. Therefore, a series of seven N-phenyl derivatives and a series of six novel N-thiazolyl derivatives was obtained in 10–70% and 12–35% yield, respectively, after stirring the o-chlorinated arylhydrazones, CuI, KOH, and 1,10-phenantroline for 12–48 hours in DMF at 120 °C. The products were isolated by column chromatography on silica gel. All products were fully characterized by HRMS as well as 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Thus, this approach is valuable for promoting the synthesis of N-phenyl-1H-indazoles in a higher yield than that reported in the literature using copper catalysis and the same substrates. This study also prompted the first reported synthesis of pharmacologically interesting N-thiazolyl derivatives.

Direct N-Alkylation and Kemp Elimination Reactions of 1-Sulfonyl-1H-Indazoles

The reactions of 1-sulfonyl-1H-indazoles under basic conditions are discussed, and the direct N-alkylation and Kemp elimination reactions of these compounds are reported. A series of 2-(p-tosylamino)benzonitriles and N-alkyl indazoles were prepared in good yields. Moreover, the 2-(p-tosylamino)benzonitriles could be transformed into a diverse range of important derivatives in a one-pot reaction. This method was successfully applied to the total syntheses of quindolinone and cryptolepinone; quindolinone was prepared in a one-pot reaction from 1-sulfonyl-1H-indazole.

N-Tosylhydrazones: versatile synthons in the construction of cyclic compounds

N-Tosylhydrazones have been extensively explored as versatile building blocks in the construction of various cyclic compounds.

3-substituted indazoles as configurationally locked 4EGI-1 mimetics and inhibitors of the eIF4E/eIF4G interaction

4EGI-1, the prototypic inhibitor of eIF4E/eIF4G interaction, was identified in a high-throughput screening of small-molecule libraries with the aid of a fluorescence polarization assay that measures inhibition of binding of an eIF4G-derived peptide to recombinant eIF4E. As such, the molecular probe 4EGI-1 has potential for the study of molecular mechanisms involved in human disorders characterized by loss of physiological restraints on translation initiation. A hit-to-lead optimization campaign was carried out to overcome the configurational instability in 4EGI-1, which stems from the E-to-Z isomerization of the hydrazone function. We identified compound 1 a, in which the labile hydrazone was incorporated into a rigid indazole scaffold, as a promising rigidified 4EGI-1 mimetic lead. In a structure-activity relationship study directed towards probing the structural latitude of this new chemotype as an inhibitor of eIF4E/eIF4G interaction and translation initiation we identified 1 d, an indazole-based 4EGI-1 mimetic, as a new and improved lead inhibitor of eIF4E/eIF4G interaction and a promising molecular probe candidate for elucidation of the role of cap-dependent translation initiation in a host of pathophysiological states.

Base-catalyzed synthesis of substituted indazoles under mild, transition-metal-free conditions

Back to basics: A transition-metal-free method developed for the synthesis of indazoles involves an inexpensive catalytic system composed of a diamine and K2CO3. Various (Z)-2-bromoacetophenone tosylhydrazones were converted into indazoles at room temperature in excellent yields (see example; Ts = p-toluenesulfonyl). The yield was improved by photoisomerization with UV light when E/Z isomeric mixtures of the starting material were used.