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Köckinger M, Hone CA, Kappe CO. HCN on Tap: On-Demand Continuous Production of Anhydrous HCN for Organic Synthesis. Org Lett 2019; 21:5326-5330. [PMID: 31247792 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A continuous process for the on-demand generation, separation, and reaction of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) using membrane separation technology was developed. The inner tube of the reactor is manufactured from a gas-permeable, hydrophobic fluoropolymer (Teflon AF-2400) membrane. HCN is formed from aqueous reagents within the inner tube and then diffuses through the membrane into an outer tubing containing organic solvent. This technique enabled the safe handling of HCN for three different organic transformations without the need for distillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Köckinger
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) , Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) , Inffeldgasse 13 , 8010 Graz , Austria.,Institute of Chemistry , University of Graz , Heinrichstraße 28 , A-8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Christopher A Hone
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) , Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) , Inffeldgasse 13 , 8010 Graz , Austria.,Institute of Chemistry , University of Graz , Heinrichstraße 28 , A-8010 Graz , Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) , Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) , Inffeldgasse 13 , 8010 Graz , Austria.,Institute of Chemistry , University of Graz , Heinrichstraße 28 , A-8010 Graz , Austria
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Fei Y, Sun B, Zhang F, Xu W, Shi N, Jiang J. Inherently safer reactors and procedures to prevent reaction runaway. Chin J Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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3
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Rossetti I. Continuous flow (micro-)reactors for heterogeneously catalyzed reactions: Main design and modelling issues. Catal Today 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kouznetsov VV, Galvis CEP. Strecker reaction and α-amino nitriles: Recent advances in their chemistry, synthesis, and biological properties. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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5
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Effective cyanosilylation of aldehydes with copper(II)-based polymeric catalysts. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2016.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Movsisyan M, Heugebaert TSA, Dams R, Stevens CV. Safe, Selective, and High-Yielding Synthesis of Acryloyl Chloride in a Continuous-Flow System. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:1945-1952. [PMID: 27325562 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Acid chlorides are an important class of compounds and their high reactivity and instability has prompted us to develop a straightforward procedure for their synthesis with on-demand and on-site synthesis possibilities. The focus of this report is acryloyl chloride, mainly important for the acrylate and polymer industry. A continuous-flow methodology was developed for the fast and selective synthesis of the otherwise highly unstable acryloyl chloride. Three routes were investigated in a microreactor setup and all three can potentially be used for its production. The methodology was further expanded to the synthesis of other unstable acid chlorides by both the thionyl chloride and the oxalyl chloride mediated processes. The most sustainable method was the oxalyl chloride mediated procedure under solvent-free conditions, in which near-equimolar amounts of carboxylic acid and oxalyl chloride were used in the presence of catalytic amounts of DMF at room temperature. Within 1 to 3 min, nearly full conversions into the acid chlorides were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Movsisyan
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas S A Heugebaert
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rudy Dams
- Materials Resource Division, 3 M Belgium BVBA, Haven 1005, Canadastraat 11, 2070, Zwijndrecht, Belgium.
| | - Christian V Stevens
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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7
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Movsisyan M, Delbeke EIP, Berton JKET, Battilocchio C, Ley SV, Stevens CV. Taming hazardous chemistry by continuous flow technology. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:4892-928. [PMID: 27453961 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00902b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, flow technologies have become increasingly popular in the field of organic chemistry, offering solutions for engineering and/or chemical problems. Flow reactors enhance the mass and heat transfer, resulting in rapid reaction mixing, and enable a precise control over the reaction parameters, increasing the overall process selectivity, efficiency and safety. These features allow chemists to tackle unexploited challenges in their work, with the ultimate objective making chemistry more accessible for laboratory and industrial applications, avoiding the need to store and handle toxic, reactive and explosive reagents. This review covers some of the latest and most relevant developments in the field of continuous flow chemistry with the focus on hazardous reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Movsisyan
- SynBioC, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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9
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Sun B, Jiang J, Shi N, Xu W. Application of microfluidics technology in chemical engineering for enhanced safety. PROCESS SAFETY PROGRESS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/prs.11801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Sun
- Division of Process Safety; SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering; Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Division of Process Safety; SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering; Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Ning Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control of Chemicals; Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control of Chemicals; Qingdao 266071 China
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Gutmann B, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Continuous-flow technology—a tool for the safe manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6688-728. [PMID: 25989203 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 870] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years, continuous-flow reactors with channel dimensions in the micro- or millimeter region have found widespread application in organic synthesis. The characteristic properties of these reactors are their exceptionally fast heat and mass transfer. In microstructured devices of this type, virtually instantaneous mixing can be achieved for all but the fastest reactions. Similarly, the accumulation of heat, formation of hot spots, and dangers of thermal runaways can be prevented. As a result of the small reactor volumes, the overall safety of the process is significantly improved, even when harsh reaction conditions are used. Thus, microreactor technology offers a unique way to perform ultrafast, exothermic reactions, and allows the execution of reactions which proceed via highly unstable or even explosive intermediates. This Review discusses recent literature examples of continuous-flow organic synthesis where hazardous reactions or extreme process windows have been employed, with a focus on applications of relevance to the preparation of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Gutmann
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz (Austria) http://www.maos.net.
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Gutmann B, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Kontinuierliche Durchflussverfahren: ein Werkzeug für die sichere Synthese von pharmazeutischen Wirkstoffen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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North M, Urwin S. Kinetics and mechanism of base catalysed ethyl cyanoformate addition to aldehydes. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Heugebaert TSA, Van Overtveldt M, De Blieck A, Wuyts B, Augustijns P, Ponce-Gámez E, Rivera A, De Groote D, Lefebvre RA, Wouters P, Meert T, Devulder J, Stevens CV. Synthesis of 1-substituted epibatidine analogues and their in vitro and in vivo evaluation as α4β2nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ligands. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra44379e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Vanoye L, Aloui A, Pablos M, Philippe R, Percheron A, Favre-Réguillon A, de Bellefon C. A safe and efficient flow oxidation of aldehydes with O2. Org Lett 2013; 15:5978-81. [PMID: 24266859 DOI: 10.1021/ol401273k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A safe, straightforward, and atom economic approach for the oxidation of aliphatic aldehydes to the corresponding carboxylic acids within a continuous flow reactor is reported. Typically, the reaction is performed at room temperature using 5 bar of oxygen in PFA tubing and does require neither additional catalysts nor radical initiators except for those already contained in the starting materials. In some cases, a catalytic amount of a Mn(II) catalyst is added. Such a flow process may prove to be a valuable alternative to traditionally catalyzed aerobic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Vanoye
- Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Catalytiques (LGPC), UMR 5285 CNRS/CPE Lyon, Université de Lyon , 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, 69616 Villeurbanne cedex, France, and Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Ecole SITI , Département CASER, Equipe CGP, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris, France
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Vladisavljević GT, Khalid N, Neves MA, Kuroiwa T, Nakajima M, Uemura K, Ichikawa S, Kobayashi I. Industrial lab-on-a-chip: design, applications and scale-up for drug discovery and delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1626-63. [PMID: 23899864 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics is an emerging and promising interdisciplinary technology which offers powerful platforms for precise production of novel functional materials (e.g., emulsion droplets, microcapsules, and nanoparticles as drug delivery vehicles- and drug molecules) as well as high-throughput analyses (e.g., bioassays, detection, and diagnostics). In particular, multiphase microfluidics is a rapidly growing technology and has beneficial applications in various fields including biomedicals, chemicals, and foods. In this review, we first describe the fundamentals and latest developments in multiphase microfluidics for producing biocompatible materials that are precisely controlled in size, shape, internal morphology and composition. We next describe some microfluidic applications that synthesize drug molecules, handle biological substances and biological units, and imitate biological organs. We also highlight and discuss design, applications and scale up of droplet- and flow-based microfluidic devices used for drug discovery and delivery.
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Protasova LN, Bulut M, Ormerod D, Buekenhoudt A, Berton J, Stevens CV. Latest Highlights in Liquid-Phase Reactions for Organic Synthesis in Microreactors. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op4000169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. N. Protasova
- Department of Separation and
Conversion Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - J. Berton
- Department of Sustainable Organic
Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent,
Belgium
| | - C. V. Stevens
- Department of Sustainable Organic
Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent,
Belgium
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North M, Omedes-Pujol M, Young C. Kinetics and mechanism of the racemic addition of trimethylsilyl cyanide to aldehydes catalysed by Lewis bases. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:4289-98. [PMID: 22544042 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25188d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which four Lewis bases, triethylamine, tetrabutylammonium thiocyanate, tetrabutylammonium azide and tetrabutylammonium cyanide, catalyse the addition of trimethylsilyl cyanide to aldehydes is studied by a combination of kinetic and spectroscopic methods. The reactions can exhibit first or second order kinetics corresponding to three different reaction mechanisms. Spectroscopic evidence for the formation of hypervalent silicon species is obtained for reaction between all of the tetrabutylammonium salts and trimethylsilyl cyanide. The reactions are accelerated by the presence of water in the reaction mixture, an effect which is due to a change in the reaction mechanism from Lewis to Brønsted base catalysis. Tetrabutylammonium thiocyanate is shown to be an excellent catalyst for the synthesis of cyanohydrin trimethylsilyl ethers on a preparative scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael North
- School of Chemistry and University Research Centre in Catalysis and Intensified Processing, Bedson Building, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK NE1 7RU.
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18
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Cukalovic A, Monbaliu JCM, Heynderickx GJ, Stevens CV. User Friendly and Flexible Kiliani Reaction on Ketoses Using Microreaction Technology. J Flow Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/jfc-d-12-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jovanović J, Rebrov EV, Nijhuis TA(X, Kreutzer MT, Hessel V, Schouten JC. Liquid–Liquid Flow in a Capillary Microreactor: Hydrodynamic Flow Patterns and Extraction Performance. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ie200715m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jovan Jovanović
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Evgeny V. Rebrov
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - T. A. (Xander) Nijhuis
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - M. T. Kreutzer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap C. Schouten
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Jovanović J, Hengeveld W, Rebrov EV, Nijhuis TA, Hessel V, Schouten JC. Redispersion Microreactor System for Phase Transfer-Catalyzed Esterification. Chem Eng Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201100118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Jovanović J, Hengeveld W, Rebrov E, Nijhuis T, Hessel V, Schouten J. Redispersions-Mikroreaktorsystem für eine phasentransferkatalysierte Veresterung. CHEM-ING-TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Galletti P, Pori M, Giacomini D. Catalyst-Free Strecker Reaction in Water: A Simple and Efficient Protocol Using Acetone Cyanohydrin as Cyanide Source. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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