Pd-catalyzed coupling of aryl iodides with triarylbismuths as atom-economic multi-coupling organometallic nucleophiles under mild conditions

Efficient and Recyclable Solid-Supported Pd(II) Catalyst for Microwave-Assisted Suzuki Cross-Coupling in Aqueous Medium

Solid-supported catalysts play efficient and crucial roles in organic synthesis. A solid-supported palladium(II) complex based on chitosan was synthesized and fully characterized using all possible tools (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis). The catalytic activity of the solid-phase catalyst in Suzuki cross-coupling reactions was evaluated in aqueous solvents under both conventional heating and microwave irradiation conditions. The recyclability and thermal stability of the prepared catalyst were also examined, and the catalyst was found to be active till five consecutive runs without a notable loss of activity under the microwave condition, with the turnover number and turnover frequency values reaching 19,019 and 114,114 h^-1, respectively.

Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Aryl 2-Pyridyl Ethers with Organozinc Reagents: Removal of the Directing Group via Cleavage of the Carbon-Oxygen Bonds

Reaction of aryl 2-pyridyl ethers with arylzinc reagents under catalysis of NiCl₂(PCy₃)₂ affords aryl-aryl cross-coupling products via selective cleavage of C_Ar-OPy bonds. The reaction features a wide substrate range and good compatibility of functional groups. β-H-free alkylzinc reagents are also applicable as the nucleophiles in the transformation, whereas β-H-containing alkylzinc reagents lead to a mixture of cross-coupling and hydrogenation products.

Rapid threefold cross-couplings with sterically bulky triarylbismuths under Pd–Cu dual catalysis

The threefold cross-coupling reactivity of sterically highly demanding bulky triarylbismuths was addressed with task specific Pd–Cu dual catalytic conditions.

Synthesis, Properties Characterization and Applications of Various Organobismuth Compounds

Organobismuth chemistry was emphasized in this review article due to the low price, low toxicity and low radioactivity characteristics of bismuth. As an environmentally-friendly class of organometallic compounds, different types of organobismuth compounds have been used in organic synthesis, catalysis, materials, etc. The synthesis and property characterization of many organobismuth compounds had been summarized. This review article also presented a survey of various applications of organobismuth compounds in organic transformations, as reagents or catalysts. The reactivity, reaction pathways and mechanisms of reactions with organobismuths were discussed. Less common and limiting aspects of organobismuth compounds were also briefly mentioned.