1
|
Francisco TN, Albuquerque HMT, Silva AMS. An In-Depth Exploration of Six Decades of the Kröhnke Pyridine Synthesis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401672. [PMID: 38887986 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The Kröhnke Pyridine Synthesis has been discovered about six decades ago (1961), by Fritz Kröhnke and Wilfried Zecher at the University of Giessen. The original method involved the reaction of α-pyridinium methyl ketone salts with α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds in the presence of a nitrogen source, frequently ammonium acetate. Since its discovery, the Kröhnke methodology has been demonstrated to be suitable for the preparation of mono-, di-, tri- and tetra-pyridines, with important applications in several research fields. Over the years, a number of modifications to the original approach have been developed and reported, enabling for the broad applicability of these methods even in modern days, also for the synthesis of non-pyridine compounds. In this critical and tutorial review, we will thoroughly explore and discuss the potential of the original method, the refinements that have been made over the years, as well as some applications arising from each type of pyridine and/or non-pyridine compounds produced by Kröhnke's approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Telmo N Francisco
- LAQV-REQUIMTE & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Hélio M T Albuquerque
- LAQV-REQUIMTE & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Artur M S Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Babaev EV, Shadrin IA. Indolizines and Their Hetero/Benzo Derivatives in Reactions of [8+2] Cycloaddition. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26072050. [PMID: 33916655 PMCID: PMC8038407 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peculiarities of [8+2] cycloaddition of acetylenes to indolizines are reviewed. Especially mentioned are indolizines with leaving groups at positions 3 and 5. Cycloaddition to aza- and benzo derivatives are reviewed, as well as 1,10-cyclizations and processes leading to cyclazines where indolizines are intermediates. Mechanistic features (adducts and cycloadducts) and theoretical aspects (one- or two-steps mechanism) are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene V. Babaev
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1 Str. 3, 119899 Moscow, Russia;
- Higher School of Economics, National Research University, 7 Vavilova Str., 117312 Moscow, Russia
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Ave., 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-985-997-94-75
| | - Ivan A. Shadrin
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1 Str. 3, 119899 Moscow, Russia;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Greener Synthesis of Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycles in Water, PEG, and Bio-Based Solvents. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10040429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The solvents used in chemistry are a fundamental element of the environmental performance of processes in corporate and academic laboratories. Their influence on costs, health safety, and nature cannot be neglected. Quantitatively, solvents are the most abundant constituents of chemical transformations; therefore, acting on solvents and replacing standard solvents with safer products can have a great ecological impact. However, not all green solvents are suitable for the wide scope of organic chemistry reactions. A second point to consider is that 50% of pharmaceutical drugs are nitrogen heterocycles compounds. It therefore appeared important to provide an overview of the more ecological methodologies for synthesizing this class of compounds. In this review, all publications since 2000 that describe green reactions leading to the formation of nitrogen heterocycles using safe solvents were considered. We chose water, PEG, and bio-based solvents for their negligible toxicity. The synthesis of five-, six-, and seven-membered aromatic nitrogen heterocycles using green reactions reported in the literature to date is described.
Collapse
|
4
|
Penteado F, Gomes CS, Perin G, Garcia CS, Bortolatto CF, Brüning CA, Lenardão EJ. Regioselective Synthesis of 1-Sulfanyl- and 1-Selanylindolizines. J Org Chem 2019; 84:7189-7198. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Penteado
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa—LASOL—CCQFA, Universidade Federal de Pelotas—UFPel, P.O. Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline S. Gomes
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa—LASOL—CCQFA, Universidade Federal de Pelotas—UFPel, P.O. Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Gelson Perin
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa—LASOL—CCQFA, Universidade Federal de Pelotas—UFPel, P.O. Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Cleisson S. Garcia
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Neurofarmacologia Molecular—LABIONEM—CCQFA, Universidade Federal de Pelotas—UFPel, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiani F. Bortolatto
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Neurofarmacologia Molecular—LABIONEM—CCQFA, Universidade Federal de Pelotas—UFPel, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - César A. Brüning
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Neurofarmacologia Molecular—LABIONEM—CCQFA, Universidade Federal de Pelotas—UFPel, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Eder J. Lenardão
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa—LASOL—CCQFA, Universidade Federal de Pelotas—UFPel, P.O. Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Khalafy J, Rimaz M, Ezzati M, Prager RH. A Green One-Pot Protocol for Regioselective Synthesis of New Substituted 7,8-Dihydrocinnoline-5(6H)-ones. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.9.2890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
6
|
Wu L, Sun J, Yan C. Efficient Synthesis of Pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline and Pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoline Derivatives via One-pot Two-step Metal-catalyzed Three-component Reactions. CHINESE J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201100238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
7
|
Verma GK, Raghuvanshi K, Kumar R, Singh MS. An efficient one-pot three-component synthesis of functionalized pyrimido[4,5-b]quinolines and indeno fused pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines in water. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
8
|
Cui P, Xu L, Cheng H, Gan L. Synthesis of decahydropyrrolo[2,1,5-cd]indolizine derivatives through RuCl3/AgOTf induced alkene–alkene and alkene–arene double cycloisomerizations. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
9
|
Cui P, Xu L, Shi Z, Gan L. Synthesis of Decahydropyrrolo[2,1,5-cd]indolizine through Consecutive [2 + 3] Cycloadditions and 6-Exo-Trig Cyclization. J Org Chem 2011; 76:4210-2. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200601y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Cui
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhangjie Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Liangbing Gan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|