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Wang J, Pan D, Wang F, Yu S, Huang G, Li X. Pd-catalyzed asymmetric Larock reaction for the atroposelective synthesis of N─N chiral indoles. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado4489. [PMID: 38728391 PMCID: PMC11086601 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado4489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Atropisomeric indoles defined by a N─N axis are an important class of heterocycles in synthetic and medicinal chemistry and material sciences. However, they remain heavily underexplored due to limited synthetic methods and challenging stereocontrol over the short N─N bonds. Here, we report highly atroposelective access to N─N axially chiral indoles via the asymmetric Larock reaction. This protocol leveraged the powerful role of chiral phosphoramidite ligand to attenuate the common ligand dissociation in the original Larock reaction, forming N─N chiral indoles with excellent functional group tolerance and high enantioselectivity via palladium-catalyzed intermolecular annulation between readily available o-iodoaniline and alkynes. The multifunctionality in the prepared chiral indoles allowed diverse post-coupling synthetic transformations, affording a broad array of functionalized chiral indoles. Experimental and computational studies have been conducted to explore the reaction mechanism, elucidating the enantio-determining and rate-limiting steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi’an 710062, (China)
| | - Deng Pan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, (China)
| | - Fen Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi’an 710062, (China)
| | - Songjie Yu
- Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, (China)
| | - Genping Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, (China)
| | - Xingwei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi’an 710062, (China)
- Institute of Frontier Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, (China)
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2
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Yiamsawat K, Gable KP, Chuawong P. Dissecting the Electronic Contribution to the Regioselectivity of the Larock Heteroannulation Reaction in the Oxidative Addition and Carbopalladation Steps. J Org Chem 2022; 87:1218-1229. [PMID: 34989564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Substituted 2-iodoaniline derivatives were prepared and utilized as reactants, along with asymmetric diarylacetylenes, to synthesize a series of 6-substituted-2,3-diarylindole derivatives via the Larock heteroannulation reaction. Electron-donating substituents on the 2-iodoaniline derivatives retarded the reaction, while electron-withdrawing substituents provided a complete conversion to the indole products. In addition, the electronic properties of the substituted 2-iodoaniline reactants displayed no influence toward regioselectivity. On the contrary, the electronic effect from unsymmetrical diarylacetylenes significantly influenced the regiochemical outcome of the reaction. Density functional theory calculations of the oxidative addition and carbopalladation steps revealed the electronic influences of the substituted 2-iodoaniline derivatives toward the overall rate of the reaction. In contrast, the electronic properties of the asymmetric diarylacetylene remained the critical product-determining factor of regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanyapat Yiamsawat
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Special Research Unit for Advanced Magnetic Resonance (AMR), Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Kevin P Gable
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, United States
| | - Pitak Chuawong
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Special Research Unit for Advanced Magnetic Resonance (AMR), Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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3
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Synthesis of Indoles via Intermolecular and Intramolecular Cyclization by Using Palladium-Based Catalysts. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11091018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of natural products or biologically active compounds, the synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles is becoming incredibly valuable. Palladium is a transition metal that is widely utilized as a catalyst to facilitate carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom coupling; it is used in the synthesis of various heterocycles. This review includes the twelve years of successful indole synthesis using various palladium catalysts to establish carbon-carbon or carbon-nitrogen coupling, as well as the conditions that have been optimized.
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Motati DR, Amaradhi R, Ganesh T. Recent developments in the synthesis of azaindoles from pyridine and pyrrole building blocks. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01079k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The azaindole framework is ubiquitous in bioactive natural products and pharmaceuticals. This review highlights the synthetic approaches to azaindoles with advantages and limitations, mechanistic pathways and biological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damoder Reddy Motati
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology
- Emory School of Medicine
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Radhika Amaradhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology
- Emory School of Medicine
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Thota Ganesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology
- Emory School of Medicine
- Atlanta
- USA
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Neto JSS, Zeni G. Recent advances in the synthesis of indoles from alkynes and nitrogen sources. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo01315f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights ten years of success in the synthesis of indoles using alkynes and nitrogen sources as substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Sebastião Santos Neto
- Laboratório de Síntese
- Reatividade
- Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios CCNE
- UFSM
- Santa Maria
| | - Gilson Zeni
- Laboratório de Síntese
- Reatividade
- Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios CCNE
- UFSM
- Santa Maria
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Jafarpour F, Ghasemi M, Mohaghegh F, Asgari S, Habibi A. A Fast Track to Indoles and Annulated Indoles through ortho- vs ipso-Amination of Aryl Halides. Org Lett 2019; 21:10143-10148. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Jafarpour
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, 14155-6455 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Ghasemi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, No. 43. Mofateh Street, Enghelab Ave., 15719-14911 Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Mohaghegh
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, 14155-6455 Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Asgari
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, 14155-6455 Tehran, Iran
| | - Azizollah Habibi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, No. 43. Mofateh Street, Enghelab Ave., 15719-14911 Tehran, Iran
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Affiliation(s)
- So Won Youn
- Center for New Directions in Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Institute for Natural Sciences; Hanyang University; Seoul 04763 Korea
| | - Tae Yun Ko
- Center for New Directions in Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry and Institute for Natural Sciences; Hanyang University; Seoul 04763 Korea
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Weng WZ, Xie J, Zhang B. Mild and efficient synthesis of indoles and isoquinolonesviaa nickel-catalyzed Larock-type heteroannulation reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:3983-3988. [PMID: 29761816 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00795k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A simple and mild approach for the preparation of substituted indoles and isoquinolonesviaa nickel-catalyzed Larock-type heteroannulation reaction is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Zhi Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Jian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
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Onishi K, Oikawa K, Yano H, Suzuki T, Obora Y. N,N-Dimethylformamide-stabilized palladium nanoclusters as a catalyst for Larock indole synthesis. RSC Adv 2018; 8:11324-11329. [PMID: 35542799 PMCID: PMC9079145 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01410h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that N,N-dimethylformamide-stabilized Pd nanoclusters (NCs) have high catalytic activity in the reaction of substituted 2-iodoanilines with alkynes to give 2,3-disubstituted indoles. This indole synthesis does not require phosphine ligands and proceeds with low Pd catalyst loadings. The Pd NCs were separated from the mixture after the reaction, and recycled at least three times. Transmission electron microscopy images showed that the Pd particle size before the reaction was 1.5–2.5 nm. The particle size after the reaction was 2–3 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the binding energy of the Pd NCs before the reaction was 335.0 eV. Pd NCs serve recyclable and highly active catalyst to indole synthesis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaito Onishi
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering
- Kansai University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Kei Oikawa
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering
- Kansai University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Hiroki Yano
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering
- Kansai University
- Suita
- Japan
| | - Takeyuki Suzuki
- Comprehensive Analysis Center
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR)
- Osaka University
- Ibaraki
- Japan
| | - Yasushi Obora
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering
- Kansai University
- Suita
- Japan
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Herraiz-Cobo J, Albericio F, Álvarez M. The Larock Reaction in the Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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12
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Saxena P, Thirupathi N, Nethaji M. Depalladation of Neutral Monoalkyne- and Dialkyne-Inserted Palladacycles and Alkyne Insertion/Depalladation Reactions of Cationic Palladacycles Derived from N,N′,N″-Triarylguanidines as Facile Routes for Guanidine-Containing Heterocycles/Carbocycles: Synthetic, Structural, and Mechanistic Aspects. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500837v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Saxena
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | | | - Munirathinam Nethaji
- Department
of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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13
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Rameau N, Cadot S, Paquet A, Pinel C, Djakovitch L. Decarboxylative Heterocoupling Coupling of Substituted Benzoic Acids for Biaryl Synthesis. Top Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-014-0308-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Keesara S, Parvathaneni S, Dussa G, Mandapati MR. Polystyrene supported thiopseudourea Pd(II) complex: Applications for Sonogashira, Suzuki-Miyaura, Heck, Hiyama and Larock heteroannulation reactions. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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15
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Djakovitch L, Felpin FX. Direct C sp2H and C sp3H Arylation Enabled by Heterogeneous Palladium Catalysts. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Ang WJ, Tai CH, Lo LC, Lam Y. Palladium-catalyzed annulation of internal alkynes in aqueous medium. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46010j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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17
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Capitta F, De Luca L, Porcheddu A. “Quick and click” assembly of functionalised indole rings via metal-promoted cyclative tandem reactions. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra12000k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient and convenient synthesis of a variety of decorated indoles using a three-component tandem metal-catalysed process is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Capitta
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia
- Università degli Studi di Sassari
- 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Lidia De Luca
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia
- Università degli Studi di Sassari
- 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Andrea Porcheddu
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia
- Università degli Studi di Sassari
- 07100 Sassari, Italy
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18
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Srinivas K, Saiprathima P, Balaswamy K, Rao MM. Phosphine-free thiopseudourea-Pd(II) complex catalyzed Larock heteroannulation of 2-haloamines with internal alkynes. J Organomet Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Chinchilla
- Departamento de Química Orgánica,
Facultad
de Ciencias, and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO), Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, 03080 Alicante,
Spain
| | - Carmen Nájera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica,
Facultad
de Ciencias, and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO), Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, 03080 Alicante,
Spain
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20
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Wang C, Sperry J. Total syntheses of the dipyrrolobenzoquinone (+)-terreusinone enabled by an evaluation of 4-methylpent-1-yn-3-ols in the Larock indole synthesis. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Cano R, Yus M, Ramón DJ. Impregnated copper or palladium–copper on magnetite as catalysts for the domino and stepwise Sonogashira-cyclization processes: a straightforward synthesis of benzo[b]furans and indoles. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Platon M, Amardeil R, Djakovitch L, Hierso JC. Progress in palladium-based catalytic systems for the sustainable synthesis of annulated heterocycles: a focus on indole backbones. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:3929-68. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs15350e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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23
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Wang C, Sperry J. Total Synthesis of the Photoprotecting Dipyrrolobenzoquinone (+)-Terreusinone. Org Lett 2011; 13:6444-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol2027398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christy Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Sperry
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
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Batail N, Genelot M, Dufaud V, Joucla L, Djakovitch L. Palladium-based innovative catalytic procedures: Designing new homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts for the synthesis and functionalisation of N-containing heteroaromatic compounds. Catal Today 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2011.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Djakovitch L, Batail N, Genelot M. Recent advances in the synthesis of N-containing heteroaromatics via heterogeneously transition metal catalysed cross-coupling reactions. Molecules 2011; 16:5241-67. [PMID: 21701436 PMCID: PMC6264783 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16065241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
N-containing heteroaromatics are important substructures found in numerous natural or synthetic alkaloids. The diversity of the structures encountered, as well as their biological and pharmaceutical relevance, have motivated research aimed at the development of new economical, efficient and selective synthetic strategies to access these compounds. Over more than 100 years of research, this hot topic has resulted in numerous so-called "classical synthetic methods" that have really contributed to this important area. However, when the selective synthesis of highly functional heteroaromatics like indoles, quinolones, indoxyls, etc. is considered these methods remain limited. Recently transition metal-catalysed (TM-catalysed) procedures for the synthesis of such compounds and further transformations, have been developed providing increased tolerance toward functional groups and leading generally to higher reaction yields. Many of these methods have proven to be the most powerful and are currently applied in target- or diversity-oriented syntheses. This review article aims at reporting the recent developments devoted to this important area, focusing on the use of heterogeneous catalysed procedures that include either the formation of the heterocyclic ring towards the nuclei or their transformations to highly substituted compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Djakovitch
- Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et l'Environnement de Lyon (IRCELYON), Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5256, 2 Avenue Albert Einstein, Villeurbanne F-69626, France.
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Calvet G, Livecchi M, Schmidt F. Synthesis of Polysubstituted 5-Azaindoles via Palladium-Catalyzed Heteroannulation of Diarylalkynes. J Org Chem 2011; 76:4734-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200480h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Calvet
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 26 rue d′Ulm, Paris F-75248, France
- CNRS, UMR 176, 26 rue d′Ulm, Paris F-75248, France
| | - Marion Livecchi
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 26 rue d′Ulm, Paris F-75248, France
- CNRS, UMR 176, 26 rue d′Ulm, Paris F-75248, France
| | - Frédéric Schmidt
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, 26 rue d′Ulm, Paris F-75248, France
- CNRS, UMR 176, 26 rue d′Ulm, Paris F-75248, France
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