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Xu T, Gao X, Li Y, Lin C, Ma P, Bai Z, Zhou J, Wu H, Cao F, Wei P. Characterization of isolated starch from Isatis indigotica Fort. root and anhydro-sugars preparation using its decoction residues. BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY 2023:1-12. [PMID: 36785541 PMCID: PMC9907209 DOI: 10.1007/s13399-023-03892-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Isatis indigotica Fort. root (Ban-lan-gen, IIR), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has an ancient and well-documented history for its medicinal properties. Aside from epigoitrin, indole alkaloids, and their corresponding derivatives as medicinal ingredients, it also contains lots of biomass such as starch. Herein, a new starch was isolated from IIR and the physicochemical properties such as amylose content, moisture content, ash content, morphology, thermal properties, and crystallography were characterized systematically. The amylose content of IIR starch was 19.84 ± 0.85%, and the size and shape of starch granules is ellipsoidal shape with sizes from 2 to 10 μm. IIR starch exhibited a C-type pattern and had 25.92% crystallinity (higher than that of corn starch). The gelatinization temperature of IIR starch was 58.68-75.41 °C, and its gelatinization enthalpy was ΔH gel = 4.33 J/g. After decocting, the IIR's residues can be used to prepare anhydro-sugars in a polar aprotic solvent. The total carbon yield of levoglucosan (LG), levoglucosenone (LGO), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and furfural (FF) could reach 69.81% from IIR's decoction residues in 1,4-dioxane with 15 mM H2SO4 as the catalyst. Further, the residues after dehydration were prepared into biochar by thermochemical conversion and the BET surface area of biochar was 1749.46 m2/g which has good application prospect in soil improvement and alleviates obstacles of IIR continuous cropping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Gao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanzhang Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Changqu Lin
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Peipei Ma
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongzhong Bai
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongli Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Cao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Wei
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816 People’s Republic of China
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Klepp J, Bousfield T, Cummins H, Legendre SVAM, Camp JE, Greatrex BW. Oxa-Michael-initiated cascade reactions of levoglucosenone. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1457-1462. [PMID: 36300013 PMCID: PMC9577383 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactions of aromatic aldehydes and levoglucosenone promoted by methoxide gives bridged α,β-unsaturated ketones, formed by a series of oxa-Michael-initiated cascade reactions in yields of up to 91% (14 examples). A complex series of equilibria operate during the reaction, and the formation of the bridged species is thermodynamically favored, except in the case of 5-methylfurfural and pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde. This is the first report detailing this type of aldol/Michael cascade involving oxa-Michael initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Klepp
- School of Rural Medicine, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Thomas Bousfield
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh Cummins
- School of Rural Medicine, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Sarah V A-M Legendre
- School of Rural Medicine, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Jason E Camp
- Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
| | - Ben W Greatrex
- School of Rural Medicine, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
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Camp JE, Greatrex BW. Levoglucosenone: Bio-Based Platform for Drug Discovery. Front Chem 2022; 10:902239. [PMID: 35711952 PMCID: PMC9194561 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.902239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Levoglucosone (LGO) is a bio-privileged molecule that can be produced on scale from waste biomass. This chiral building block has been converted via well-established chemical processes into previously difficult-to-synthesize building blocks such as enantiopure butenolides, dihydropyrans, substituted cyclopropanes, deoxy-sugars and ribonolactones. LGO is an excellent starting material for the synthesis of biologically active compounds, including those which have anti-cancer, anti-microbial or anti-inflammatory activity. This review will cover the conversion of LGO to biologically active compounds as well as provide future research directions related to this platform molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E. Camp
- Circa Sustainable Chemicals, York, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Jason E. Camp,
| | - Ben W. Greatrex
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
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Faizullina LK, Khalilova YА, Valeev FА, Pavlov VN, Samorodov AV. Preparation of an Adduct of Levoglucosenone and Resorcinol and its in vitro Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Activity. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-021-03007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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5
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One-pot synthesis of carbohydrate exo-cyclic enones and hemiketals with 6,8-dioxabicyclo-[3.2.1]octane moieties. Serendipitous formation of a spironolactone when 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde is used as the reactant. Part II. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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6
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Concise and efficient synthesis of E-stereoisomers of exo-cyclic carbohydrate enones. Aldol condensation of dihydrolevoglucosenone with five-membered aromatic aldehydes Part 1. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Ledingham ET, Stockton KP, Greatrex BW. Efficient Synthesis of an Indinavir Precursor from Biomass-Derived (–)-Levoglucosenone. Aust J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/ch17227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis with acid catalysis selectively produces the useful chiral synthon 6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-2-ene-4-one ((–)-levoglucosenone, LGO). In this report, LGO was used to prepare (3R,5S)-3-benzyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)-4,5-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one, which is an intermediate used in the construction of antivirals including the protease inhibitor indinavir. To achieve the synthesis, the hydrogenated derivative of LGO was functionalised using aldol chemistry and various aromatic aldehydes were used to show the scope of the reaction. Choice of base affected reaction times and the best yields were obtained using 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine. Hydrogenation of the α-benzylidene-substituted bicyclic system afforded a 4 : 3 equatorial/axial mixture of isomers, which was equilibrated to a 97 : 3 mixture under basic conditions. Subsequent Baeyer–Villiger reaction afforded the target lactone in 57 % overall yield for four steps, a route that avoids the protection and strong base required in the traditional approach. The aldol route is contrasted with the α-alkylation and a Baylis–Hillman approach that also both start with LGO.
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Chen M, Zhao Q, Hao JD, Wang CY. Two benzaldehyde derivatives and their artefacts from a gorgonian-derived Eurotium sp. fungus. Nat Prod Res 2016; 31:268-274. [PMID: 27627699 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2016.1230116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Two new benzaldehyde derivatives, named 3'-OH-tetrahydroauroglaucin (1) and(3'S*,4'R*)-6-(3',5-epoxy-4'-hydroxy-1'-heptenyl)-2-hydroxy-3-(3''-methyl-2''-butenyl)benzaldehyde (2), were isolated from a gorgonian-derived Eurotium sp. fungus. Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis including NMR and MS spectra. Dissolved 1 in CDCl3 for several days could be detected its 2H-chromene skeleton derivatives (1a/1b), a pair of enantiomers with opposite configurations at C-3'. Compound 2 was also found to chemically convert to a pair of epimers non-enzymatically. The plausible mechanism to form the 2H-chromene artefacts with racemisation at C-3' undergoing nucleophilic substitution (SN1) was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- a Marine Science & Technology Institute, College of Environmental Science & Engineering , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , People's Republic of China.,b Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, the Ministry of Education , School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhao
- b Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, the Ministry of Education , School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China , Qingdao , People's Republic of China.,c Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Di Hao
- b Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, the Ministry of Education , School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China , Qingdao , People's Republic of China.,c Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Yun Wang
- b Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, the Ministry of Education , School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China , Qingdao , People's Republic of China.,c Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts , Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao , People's Republic of China
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Yu C, Huang H, Li X, Zhang Y, Li H, Wang W. Aniline-Promoted Cyclization-Replacement Cascade Reactions of 2-Hydroxycinnamaldehydes with Various Carbonic Nucleophiles through In Situ Formed N,O-Acetals. Chemistry 2016; 22:9240-6. [PMID: 27230417 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report the harnessing of new reactivity of N,O-acetals in an aminocatalytic fashion for organic synthesis. Unlike widely used strategies requiring the use of acids and/or elevated temperatures, direct replacement of the amine component of the N,O-acetals by carbon-centered nucleophiles for C-C bond formation is realized under mild reaction conditions. Furthermore, without necessary preformation of the N,O-acetals, an amine-catalyzed in situ formation of N,O-acetals is developed. Coupling both reactions into a one-pot operation enables the achievement of a catalytic process. We demonstrate the employment of simple anilines as promoters for the cyclization-substitution cascade reactions of trans-2-hydroxycinnamaldehydes with various carbonic nucleophiles including indoles, pyrroles, naphthols, phenols, and silyl enol ethers. The process offers an alternative approach to structurally diverse, "privileged" 2-substituted 2H-chromenes. The synthetic power of the new process is furthermore shown by its application in a 2-step synthesis of the natural product candenatenin E and for the facile installation of 2-substituted 2H-chromene moieties into biologically active indoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Yu
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, MSC03 2060, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - He Huang
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, MSC03 2060, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - Xiangmin Li
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, MSC03 2060, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA.,School of Pharmacy, East University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei-Long Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yueteng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, MSC03 2060, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA
| | - Hao Li
- School of Pharmacy, East University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei-Long Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, MSC03 2060, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA. .,School of Pharmacy, East University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei-Long Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilanjana Majumdar
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, 3-14-23 Kamiosaki,
Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021, Japan
| | - Nanda D. Paul
- Homogeneous
and Supramolecular Catalysis Group, Van ’t Hoff Institute for
Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Science
Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sutanuva Mandal
- Homogeneous
and Supramolecular Catalysis Group, Van ’t Hoff Institute for
Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Science
Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Homogeneous
and Supramolecular Catalysis Group, Van ’t Hoff Institute for
Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Science
Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - William D. Wulff
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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Chiral diphenylperhydroindolinol silyl ether catalyzed domino oxa-Michael–aldol condensations for the asymmetric synthesis of benzopyrans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Sulfonate Ionic Liquid as a Stable and Active Catalyst for Levoglucosenone Production from Saccharides via Catalytic Pyrolysis. Catalysts 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/catal3040757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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