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Garai S, Kulkarni PM, Schaffer PC, Leo LM, Brandt AL, Zagzoog A, Black T, Lin X, Hurst DP, Janero DR, Abood ME, Zimmowitch A, Straiker A, Pertwee RG, Kelly M, Szczesniak AM, Denovan-Wright EM, Mackie K, Hohmann AG, Reggio PH, Laprairie RB, Thakur GA. Application of Fluorine- and Nitrogen-Walk Approaches: Defining the Structural and Functional Diversity of 2-Phenylindole Class of Cannabinoid 1 Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulators. J Med Chem 2020; 63:542-568. [PMID: 31756109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) allosteric ligands hold a far-reaching therapeutic promise. We report the application of fluoro- and nitrogen-walk approaches to enhance the drug-like properties of GAT211, a prototype CB1R allosteric agonist-positive allosteric modulator (ago-PAM). Several analogs exhibited improved functional potency (cAMP, β-arrestin 2), metabolic stability, and aqueous solubility. Two key analogs, GAT591 (6r) and GAT593 (6s), exhibited augmented allosteric-agonist and PAM activities in neuronal cultures, improved metabolic stability, and enhanced orthosteric agonist binding (CP55,940). Both analogs also exhibited good analgesic potency in the CFA inflammatory-pain model with longer duration of action over GAT211 while being devoid of adverse cannabimimetic effects. Another analog, GAT592 (9j), exhibited moderate ago-PAM potency and improved aqueous solubility with therapeutic reduction of intraocular pressure in murine glaucoma models. The SAR findings and the enhanced allosteric activity in this class of allosteric modulators were accounted for in our recently developed computational model for CB1R allosteric activation and positive allosteric modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta Garai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Pushkar M Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Peter C Schaffer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Luciana M Leo
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine , Temple University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19140 , United States
| | - Asher L Brandt
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition , University of Saskatchewan , 104 Clinic Pl , Saskatoon , SK S7N2Z4 , Canada
| | - Ayat Zagzoog
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition , University of Saskatchewan , 104 Clinic Pl , Saskatoon , SK S7N2Z4 , Canada
| | - Tallan Black
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition , University of Saskatchewan , 104 Clinic Pl , Saskatoon , SK S7N2Z4 , Canada
| | - Xiaoyan Lin
- Program in Neuroscience, Psychological and Brain Sciences, and Gill Center for Biomolecular Science , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Dow P Hurst
- Center for Drug Discovery , University of North Carolina Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - David R Janero
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of Science, and Health Sciences Entrepreneurs , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Mary E Abood
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine , Temple University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19140 , United States
| | - Anaelle Zimmowitch
- Program in Neuroscience, Psychological and Brain Sciences, and Gill Center for Biomolecular Science , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Alex Straiker
- Program in Neuroscience, Psychological and Brain Sciences, and Gill Center for Biomolecular Science , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Roger G Pertwee
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences , University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen AB25 2ZD , Scotland, U.K
| | - Melanie Kelly
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , Dalhousie University , 5850 College St , Halifax , NS , B3H4R2 , Canada
| | - Anna-Maria Szczesniak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , Dalhousie University , 5850 College St , Halifax , NS , B3H4R2 , Canada
| | - Eileen M Denovan-Wright
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , Dalhousie University , 5850 College St , Halifax , NS , B3H4R2 , Canada
| | - Ken Mackie
- Program in Neuroscience, Psychological and Brain Sciences, and Gill Center for Biomolecular Science , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Andrea G Hohmann
- Program in Neuroscience, Psychological and Brain Sciences, and Gill Center for Biomolecular Science , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Patricia H Reggio
- Center for Drug Discovery , University of North Carolina Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Robert B Laprairie
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition , University of Saskatchewan , 104 Clinic Pl , Saskatoon , SK S7N2Z4 , Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , Dalhousie University , 5850 College St , Halifax , NS , B3H4R2 , Canada
| | - Ganesh A Thakur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
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Champagne PA, Houk KN. Influence of Endo- and Exocyclic Heteroatoms on Stabilities and 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactivities of Mesoionic Azomethine Ylides and Imines. J Org Chem 2017; 82:10980-10988. [PMID: 28876936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The geometries, stabilities, and 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactivities of 24 mesoionic azomethine ylides and imines were investigated using density functional theory calculations at the M06-2X/6-311+G-(d,p)/M06-2X/6-31G-(d) level. The computed structures highlight how the commonly used "aromatic" resonance form should be replaced by two more accurate resonance structures. Stabilities of the dipoles were assessed by various homodesmotic schemes and are consistent with these compounds being nonaromatic. The activation free energies with ethylene or acetylene range from 11.8 to 36.6 kcal/mol. Within each dipole type, the predicted cycloaddition reactivities correlate with the reaction energies and the resonance stabilization energies provided by the various substituents. Endocyclic (X) heteroatoms increase the reactivity of the 1,3-dipoles in the order of O > NH ≅ S, whereas exocyclic (Y) substituents increase it in the order of CH2 > NH > O > S. Distortion/interaction analysis indicated that the difference in reactivity between differently substituted 1,3-dipoles is driven by distortion, whereas the difference between azomethine ylides and imines is related to lower interaction energies of imines with the dipolarophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Alexandre Champagne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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Lopchuk JM, Gribble GW, Jasinski JP. Methyl 1-benzyl-5-methyl-2,4-diphenyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxyl-ate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2014; 70:o338-9. [PMID: 24765032 PMCID: PMC3998498 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536814003316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C26H23NO2, the dihedral angles between the pyrrole ring and the two phenyl rings are 58.1 (6) and 71.5 (5)°. The mean planes of the 5-methylbenzene ring and the carboxyl group are twisted by 89.5 (3) and 22.1 (9)°, respectively, from the pyrrole ring. In the crystal, weak C—H⋯O interactions lead to supramolecular layers in the ab plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Lopchuk
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755-3564, USA
| | - Gordon W Gribble
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755-3564, USA
| | - Jerry P Jasinski
- Department of Chemistry, Keene State College, 229 Main Street, Keene, NH 03435-2001, USA
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