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Sánchez JD, Gómez-Carpintero J, González JF, Menéndez JC. Twenty-first century antiepileptic drugs. An overview of their targets and synthetic approaches. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 272:116476. [PMID: 38759456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
The therapeutic use of the traditional drugs against epilepsy has been hindered by their toxicity and low selectivity. These limitations have stimulated the design and development of new generations of antiepileptic drugs. This review explores the molecular targets and synthesis of the antiepileptic drugs that have entered the market in the 21st century, with a focus on manufacturer synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Domingo Sánchez
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Gómez-Carpintero
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan F González
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Carlos Menéndez
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Wang SJ, Zhao MY, Zhao PC, Zhang W, Rao GW. Research Status, Synthesis and Clinical Application of Antiepileptic Drugs. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:410-452. [PMID: 36650655 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230117160632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
According to the 2017 ILAE's official definition, epilepsy is a slow brain disease state characterized by recurrent episodes. Due to information released by ILAE in 2017, it can be divided into four types, including focal epilepsy, generalized epilepsy, combined generalized, and focal epilepsy, and unknown epilepsy. Since 1989, 24 new antiepileptic drugs have been approved to treat different types of epilepsy. Besides, there are a variety of antiepileptic medications under clinical monitoring. These novel antiepileptic drugs have plenty of advantages. Over the past 33 years, there have been many antiepileptic drugs on the mearket, but no one has been found that can completely cure epilepsy. In this paper, the mentioned drugs were classified according to their targets, and the essential information, and clinical studies of each drug were described. The structure-activity relationship of different chemical structures was summarized. This paper provides help for the follow-up research on epilepsy drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Jie Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Min-Yan Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Peng-Cheng Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Wu Rao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
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3
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Simić S, Zukić E, Schmermund L, Faber K, Winkler CK, Kroutil W. Shortening Synthetic Routes to Small Molecule Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Employing Biocatalytic Methods. Chem Rev 2021; 122:1052-1126. [PMID: 34846124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis, using enzymes for organic synthesis, has emerged as powerful tool for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The first industrial biocatalytic processes launched in the first half of the last century exploited whole-cell microorganisms where the specific enzyme at work was not known. In the meantime, novel molecular biology methods, such as efficient gene sequencing and synthesis, triggered breakthroughs in directed evolution for the rapid development of process-stable enzymes with broad substrate scope and good selectivities tailored for specific substrates. To date, enzymes are employed to enable shorter, more efficient, and more sustainable alternative routes toward (established) small molecule APIs, and are additionally used to perform standard reactions in API synthesis more efficiently. Herein, large-scale synthetic routes containing biocatalytic key steps toward >130 APIs of approved drugs and drug candidates are compared with the corresponding chemical protocols (if available) regarding the steps, reaction conditions, and scale. The review is structured according to the functional group formed in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Simić
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Erna Zukić
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Luca Schmermund
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Kurt Faber
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph K Winkler
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Field of Excellence BioHealth─University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Jothi S, Vuppu S. An industrial perspective fermentative bioreduction of aromatic ketones by Penicillium rubens VIT SS1 and Penicillium citrinum VIT SS2. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2021.1963239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Jothi
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, India
- R&D, Iosynth Labs Private Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Suneetha Vuppu
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, India
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Velugula SRK, Reddy ASK, Misra NC, Reddy PS, Chavakula R, Guduri AK, Douglas Sanasi P. Synthesis and characterization of potential impurities of Oxcarbazepine drug substance: An antiepileptic agent. J Heterocycl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siva Rama Kasibabu Velugula
- Chemical Research Department APL Research Centre‐II, Aurobindo Pharma Limited Indrakaran India
- Department of Engineering Chemistry A. U. College of Engineering (A), Andhra University Visakhapatnam India
| | | | - Nimesh Chandra Misra
- Chemical Research Department APL Research Centre‐II, Aurobindo Pharma Limited Indrakaran India
| | - Pindi Santhosh Reddy
- Chemical Research Department APL Research Centre‐II, Aurobindo Pharma Limited Indrakaran India
| | - Ramadas Chavakula
- Chemical Research Department APL Research Centre‐II, Aurobindo Pharma Limited Indrakaran India
| | - Anil Kumar Guduri
- Chemical Research Department APL Research Centre‐II, Aurobindo Pharma Limited Indrakaran India
| | - Paul Douglas Sanasi
- Department of Engineering Chemistry A. U. College of Engineering (A), Andhra University Visakhapatnam India
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6
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High-pressure asymmetric hydrogenation in a customized flow reactor and its application in multi-step flow synthesis of chiral drugs. J Flow Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-021-00143-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Erdoğan M, Daştan A. Synthesis of N-substituted dibenzoazepine–pyridazine derivatives as potential neurologically active drugs. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1828925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Musa Erdoğan
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Arif Daştan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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8
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Song HJ, Yoon E, Heo JN. Efficient synthesis of dibenzazepine lactams via a sequential Pd-catalyzed amination and aldol condensation reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.151536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Werth J, Uyeda C. Cobalt-Catalyzed Reductive Dimethylcyclopropanation of 1,3-Dienes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13902-13906. [PMID: 30144253 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Dimethylcyclopropanes are valuable synthetic targets that are challenging to access in high yield using Zn carbenoid reagents. Herein, we describe a cobalt-catalyzed variant of the Simmons-Smith reaction that enables the efficient dimethylcyclopropanation of 1,3-dienes using a Me2 CCl2 /Zn reagent mixture. The reactions proceed with high regioselectivity based on the substitution pattern of the 1,3-diene. The products are vinylcyclopropanes, which serve as substrates for transition-metal-catalyzed ring-opening reactions, including 1,3-rearrangement and [5+2] cycloaddition. Preliminary studies indicate that moderately activated monoalkenes are also amenable to dimethylcyclopropanation under the conditions of cobalt catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Werth
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Christopher Uyeda
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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Yin C, Dong XQ, Zhang X. Iridium/f-Amphol-catalyzed Efficient Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Benzo-fused Cyclic Ketones. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei; 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Qin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei; 430072 People's Republic of China
| | - Xumu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei; 430072 People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute; Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen; Guangdong 518055 People's Republic of China
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Werth J, Uyeda C. Cobalt‐Catalyzed Reductive Dimethylcyclopropanation of 1,3‐Dienes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Werth
- Department of ChemistryPurdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Christopher Uyeda
- Department of ChemistryPurdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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12
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Wang J, Tang S, Zhu Q. Intramolecular Imidoylative Heck Reaction: Synthesis of Cyclic Ketoimines from Functionalized Isocyanide. Org Lett 2016; 18:3074-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory
Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Shi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory
Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory
Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 190 Kaiyuan Avenue, Guangzhou 510530, China
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Abstract
The antiepileptic eslicarbazepine (S-licarbazepine) has been prepared in one step from its racemic formRS-licarbazepinevialipase catalysed kinetic resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. F. El-Behairy
- Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department
- Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division
- National Research Centre (ID 60014618)
- Giza
- Egypt
| | - E. Sundby
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology
- Institute of Chemistry and Material Technology
- Faculty of Technology
- NTNU
- 7491 Trondheim
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14
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Organocatalyzed asymmetric synthesis and absolute configuration assignment of enantioenriched α-benzylaminocoumarins. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.12.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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