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Alshubramy MA, Alamry KA, Hussein MA. An overview of the synthetic strategies of C3-symmetric polymeric materials containing benzene and triazine cores and their biomedical applications. RSC Adv 2023; 13:14317-14339. [PMID: 37179987 PMCID: PMC10170496 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01336g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
C3-symmetric star-shaped materials are an emerging category of porous organic polymers with distinctive properties such as permanent porosity, good thermal and chemical stability, high surface area, and appropriate functionalization that promote outstanding potential in various applications. This review is mostly about constructing benzene or s-triazine rings as the center of C3-symmetric molecules and using side-arm reactions to add functions to these molecules. Over and above this, the performance of various polymerization processes has been additionally investigated in detail, including the trimerization of alkynes or aromatic nitriles, polycondensation of monomers with specific functional groups, and cross-coupling building blocks with benzene or triazine cores. Finally, the most recent progress in biomedical applications for C3-symmetric materials based on benzene or s-triazine have been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha A Alshubramy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid A Alamry
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A Hussein
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University Assiut 71516 Egypt
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2
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Elwahy AH, Shaaban MR, Abdelhamid IA. Recent advances in the synthesis of star-shaped molecules based on a 1,3,5-triazine core. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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3
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Rani Kumar N, Agrawal AR. Advances in the Chemistry of 2,4,6-Tri(thiophen-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine. ChemistryOpen 2023; 12:e202200203. [PMID: 36599693 PMCID: PMC9812756 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterocyclic systems are now considered to be an integral part of material chemistry. Thiophene, selenophene, furan, pyrrole, carbazole, triazine and others are some such examples worth mentioning. 2,4,6-Tri(thiophen-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine is a C3h -symmetric system with thiophene as the donor unit and s-triazine as the acceptor unit. This review gives an insight into the advances made in the thienyl-triazine chemistry over the past two to three decades. The synthetic pathways for arriving at this system and all its important derivatives are provided. The major focus is on the materials synthesized using the thienyl-triazine system, including star molecules, linear and hyperbranched polymers, porous materials and their diverse applications. This review will play a catalytic role for new dimensions to be explored in thienyl-triazine chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Rani Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Dhemaji CollegeDhemaji787057, AssamIndia
| | - Abhijeet R. Agrawal
- Institute of ChemistryThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem Edmond J. Safra CampusJerusalem91904Israel
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Barman J, Deka N, Maji PK, Dutta GK. Nitrogen and Sulfur Enriched Porous Carbon Materials with Trace Fe Derived from Hyper‐crosslinked Polymer as an Efficient Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalyst. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Namrata Deka
- National Institute of Technology Meghalaya Chemistry INDIA
| | - Pradip K. Maji
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Polymer and Process Engineering INDIA
| | - Gitish Kishor Dutta
- National Institute of Technology Meghalaya Chemistry Bijni Complex 793003 Shillong INDIA
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Park HK, Ham MG, Kim YJ, Takeuchi K, Choi JC. Star-shaped Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes containing C 3-symmetric conjugated thiophenes: Synthesis, characterization, and chemical reactions with organic unsaturated molecules. J COORD CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2022.2046269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Kwon Park
- Department of Chemistry, Kangnung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Min Gyu Ham
- Department of Chemistry, Kangnung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Yong-Joo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kangnung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Katsuhiko Takeuchi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Jun-Chul Choi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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6
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Ionic interaction of tri-armed structure based on benzene ring: synthesis and characterization. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-021-02768-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Diferrocenyl(hydroxy)oxazepines and diferrocenyl-4-aza-1,3-dienes in the reactions of 2,3-diferrocenyl-1-methylthiocyclopropenylium iodide with aromatic and aliphatic bis-1,4-N,O-nucleophiles. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Kotha S, Meshram M, Panguluri NR, Shah VR, Todeti S, Shirbhate ME. Synthetic Approaches to Star-Shaped Molecules with 1,3,5-Trisubstituted Aromatic Cores. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:1356-1403. [PMID: 30762307 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we summarize the synthetic approaches that have been developed for the synthesis of star-shaped molecules. Typically, to design such highly functionalized molecules, simple building blocks are first assembled through trimerization reactions, starting from commercially available starting materials. Then, these building blocks are synthetically manipulated to generate extended star-shaped molecules. We also discuss the syntheses of star-shaped molecules that contain 2,4,6-trisubstituted 1,3,5-triazine or 1,3,5-trisubstituted benzene rings as a central core and diverse substituted styrene, phenyl, and fluorene derivatives at their periphery, which endows these molecules with extended conjugation. A variety of metal-catalyzed reactions, such as Suzuki, Buchwald-Hartwig, Sonogashira, Heck, and Negishi cross-coupling reactions, as well as metathesis, have been employed to functionalize a range of star-shaped molecules. The methods described herein will be helpful for designing a wide range of intricate compounds that are highly valuable in the fields of supramolecular chemistry and materials science. Owing to space limitations, we will not cover all of the publications on this topic. Instead, we will focus on examples that were reported by our research group and other relevant recent literature. Apart from the trimerization sequence, this Minireview has been structured based on the key reactions that were used to prepare the star-shaped molecules and other higher analogues. Finally, some examples that do not fit into this classification are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambasivarao Kotha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Milind Meshram
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Nageswara Rao Panguluri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Vrajesh R Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Saidulu Todeti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Mukesh E Shirbhate
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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Al-Shewiki RK, Korb M, Hildebrandt A, Zahn S, Naumov S, Buschbeck R, Rüffer T, Lang H. Diaqua-β-octaferrocenyltetraphenylporphyrin: a multiredox-active and air-stable 16π non-aromatic species. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:1578-1585. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04135k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein the synthesis and properties of the first β-octaferrocenyltetraphenylporphyrin, {TPPFc8(H2O)2}, in its extraordinary stable and non-aromatic 16π form are reported, showing seven separate reversible redox events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus Korb
- Chemnitz University of Technology
- Inorganic Chemistry
- 09111 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | | | - Stefan Zahn
- Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung e.V
- 04318 Leipzig
- Germany
| | - Sergej Naumov
- Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung e.V
- 04318 Leipzig
- Germany
| | - Roy Buschbeck
- Chemnitz University of Technology
- Inorganic Chemistry
- 09111 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - Tobias Rüffer
- Chemnitz University of Technology
- Inorganic Chemistry
- 09111 Chemnitz
- Germany
| | - Heinrich Lang
- Chemnitz University of Technology
- Inorganic Chemistry
- 09111 Chemnitz
- Germany
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Thakur N, Pandey MD, Pandey R. A uniquely fabricated Cu(ii)-metallacycle as a reusable highly sensitive dual-channel and practically functional metalloreceptor for Fe3+ and Ca2+ ions: an inorganic site of cation detection. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj03294c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dimeric Cu(ii)-complex developed from disulfane ligand, serves as dual-channel metalloreceptor for Fe3+/Ca2+ and detection of Fe3+ in real water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Thakur
- Department of Chemistry
- Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University
- Sagar
- India
| | | | - Rampal Pandey
- Department of Chemistry
- Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University
- Sagar
- India
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11
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The enhanced electronic communication in ferrocenemethanol molecular cluster based on intermolecular hydrogen-bonding. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Muraoka H, Mori M, Ogawa S. A Comparative Study of the Electronic Property of a Series of 2,4,6-Tri(5-Aryl-2-Thienyl)-1,3,5-Triazines Controlled by the Electronic Nature of Aryl Groups. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2015.1043047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Muraoka
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8551, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Mori
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8551, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ogawa
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8551, Japan
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Pfaff U, Filipczyk G, Hildebrandt A, Korb M, Lang H. 1,3,5-Triferrocenyl-2,4,6-tris(ethynylferrocenyl)-benzene--a new member of the family of multiferrocenyl-functionalized cyclic systems. Dalton Trans 2015; 43:16310-21. [PMID: 25188690 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02307b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The consecutive synthesis of 1,3,5-triferrocenyl-2,4,6-tris(ethynylferrocenyl)benzene (6c) is described using 1,3,5-Cl3-2,4,6-I3-C6 (2) as starting compound. Subsequent Sonogashira C,C cross-coupling of 2 with FcC≡CH (3) in the molar ratio of 1:4 afforded solely 1,3,5-Cl3-2,4,6-(FcC≡C)3-C6 (4c) (Fc = Fe(η(5)-C5H4)(η(5)-C5H5)). However, when 2 is reacted with 3 in a 1:3 ratio a mixture of 1,3,5-Cl3-2-(FcC≡C)-4,6-I2-C6 (4a) and 1,3,5-Cl3-2,4-(FcC≡C)2-6-I-C6 (4b) is obtained. Negishi C,C cross-coupling of 4c with FcZnCl (5) in the presence of catalytic amounts of [Pd(CH2C(CH3)2P(tC4H9)2)(μ-Cl)]2 gave 1,3-Cl2-5-Fc-2,4,6-(FcC≡C)3-C6 (6a), 1-Cl-3,5-Fc2-2,4,6-(FcC≡C)3-C6 (6b) and 1,3,5-Fc3-2,4,6-(FcC≡C)3-C6 (6c) of which 6b is the main product. Column chromatography allowed the separation of these organometallic species. The structures of 4a,b and 6a in the solid state were determined by single crystal X-ray diffractometry showing a π–π interacting dimer (4b) and a complex π–π pattern for 6a. The electrochemical properties of 4a–c and 6a–c were studied by cyclic voltammetry (=CV) and square wave voltammetry (=SWV). It was found that the FcC≡C-substituted benzenes 4a–c show only one reversible redox event, indicating a simultaneous oxidation of all ferrocenyl units, whereby 4c is most difficult to oxidise (4a, E°′1 = 190, ΔEp = 71; 4b, E°′1 = 195, ΔEp = 59; 4c, E°′1 = 390, ΔEp = 59 mV). In case of 4c, the oxidation states 4c(n+) (n = 2, 3) are destabilised by the partial negative charge of the electronegative chlorine atoms, which compensates the repulsive electrostatic Fc+–Fc+ interactions with attractive electrostatic Fc+–Cl(δ−) interactions. When ferrocenyl units are directly attached to the benzene C6 core, organometallic 6a shows three, 6b five and 6c six separated reversible waves highlighting that the Fc units can separately be oxidised. UV-Vis/NIR spectroscopy allowed to determine IVCT absorptions (=Inter Valence Charge Transfer) for 6c(n+) (n = 1, 2) (n = 1: νmax = 7860 cm(−1), εmax = 405 L mol(−1) cm(−1), Δν1/2 = 7070 cm(−1); n = 2: νmax = 9070 cm(−1), εmax = 620 L mol(−1) cm(−1), Δν1/2 = 8010 cm(−1)) classifying these mixed-valent species as weakly coupled class II systems according to Robin and Day, while for 6a,b only LMCT transitions (=ligand to metal charge transfer) could be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Pfaff
- Technische Universität Chemnitz, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany.
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Dhokale B, Jadhav T, Mobin SM, Misra R. Meso enyne substituted BODIPYs: synthesis, structure and properties. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:15803-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt00565e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of meso enyne substituted BODIPYs by the reaction of 8-chloro BODIPY with terminal alkynes under Sonogashira coupling conditions, and by Pd–Cu catalyzed hydroalkynylation reaction of terminal alkynes, across the –CC– bond of meso alkynylated BODIPYs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhausaheb Dhokale
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Indore 452 017
- India
| | - Thaksen Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Indore 452 017
- India
| | - Shaikh M. Mobin
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Indore 452 017
- India
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Indore 452 017
- India
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Dhokale B, Jadhav T, Mobin SM, Misra R. Synergistic effect of donors on tetracyanobutadine (TCBD) substituted ferrocenyl pyrenes. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra11433k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ferrocenyl substituted pyrenes 2, 3a–3c, 4a and 4b were designed and synthesized using Suzuki and Sonogashira cross-coupling, and [2+2] cycloaddition–retroelectrocyclization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thaksen Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Indore
- India
| | - Shaikh M. Mobin
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Indore
- India
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Indore
- India
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Misra R, Maragani R, Pathak B, Gautam P, Mobin SM. Star shaped ferrocenyl substituted triphenylamines. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra13400e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript reports design and synthesis of star shaped ferrocenyl substituted triphenylamine conjugates (Fc-TPA) 3a–3c by the Pd-catalyzed Sonogshira cross-coupling reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore
- Indore 452017
- India
| | - Ramesh Maragani
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore
- Indore 452017
- India
| | - Biswarup Pathak
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore
- Indore 452017
- India
| | - Prabhat Gautam
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore
- Indore 452017
- India
| | - Shaikh M. Mobin
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Indore
- Indore 452017
- India
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Maragani R, Misra R. Ferrocenyl substituted triphenylamine based donor–acceptor molecular systems; synthesis, photophysical, electrochemical, and theoretical studies. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.03.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Misra R, Dhokale B, Jadhav T, Mobin SM. Heteroatom-Connected Ferrocenyl BODIPYs: Synthesis, Structure, and Properties. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om5002292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 452 017, India
| | - Bhausaheb Dhokale
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 452 017, India
| | - Thaksen Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 452 017, India
| | - Shaikh M. Mobin
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 452 017, India
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Misra R, Dhokale B, Jadhav T, Mobin SM. The quenching of fluorescence as an indicator of donor-strength in meso arylethynyl BODIPYs. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:4854-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt53056f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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