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Zhang X, Dong Y, Liu X, Wang R, Lu J, Song F. New bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoid from Aspergillus sydowii BTBU20213012. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:2792-2799. [PMID: 37480345 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2236764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
A new bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoid, named (+)-8-dehydroxylaustrosene (1), along with ten known compounds, penicibisabolanes E (2) and G (3), (+)-austrosene (4), (S)-(+)-11-dehydrosydonic acid (5), sydonic acid (6), (7S,11S)-(+)-12-hydroxysydonic acid (7), (-)-(R)-hydroxysydonic acid (8), pseudaboydin A (9), (-)-(7 R,10R)-iso-10-hydroxysydowic acid (10), lumichrome (11), were identified from the fungus Aspergillus sydowii BTBU20213012 isolated from a marine sediment sample from the Western Pacific. The structures of the compounds were identified by HRESIMS and NMR data analysis. Compound 11 showed weak antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with MIC value of 200 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjun Zhang
- Institute of Tibet Plateau Ecology, Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology in Tibet Plateau, Ministry of Education of China, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, Tibet, P. R. China
| | - Yifei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education of China; School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education of China; School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ruihong Wang
- Institute of Tibet Plateau Ecology, Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology in Tibet Plateau, Ministry of Education of China, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, Tibet, P. R. China
| | - Jie Lu
- Institute of Tibet Plateau Ecology, Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology in Tibet Plateau, Ministry of Education of China, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, Tibet, P. R. China
| | - Fuhang Song
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education of China; School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, P. R. China
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2
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Yu HY, Chen YS, Wang Y, Zou ZB, Xie MM, Li Y, Li LS, Meng DL, Wu LQ, Yang XW. Anti-necroptosis and anti-ferroptosis compounds from the Deep-Sea-Derived fungus Aspergillus sp. MCCC 3A00392. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107175. [PMID: 38335757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Eight undescribed (1-8) and 46 known compounds (9-54) were isolated from the deep-sea-derived Aspergillus sp. MCCC 3A00392. Compounds 1-3 were three novel oxoindolo diterpenoids, 4-6 were three bisabolane sesquiterpenoids, while 7 and 8 were two monocyclic cyclopropanes. Their structures were established by exhaustive analyses of the HRESIMS, NMR, and theoretical calculations of the NMR data and ECD spectra. Compounds 10, 33, 38, and 39 were able to inhibit tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced necroptosis in murine L929 cell lines. Functional experiments verified that compounds 10 and 39 inhibited necroptosis by downregulating the phosphorylation of RIPK3 and MLKL. Moreover, compound 39 also reduced the phosphorylation of RIPK1. Compounds 10, 33, and 34 displayed potent inhibitory activities against RSL-3 induced ferroptosis with the EC50 value of 3.0 μM, 0.4 μM, and 0.1 μM, respectively. Compound 10 inhibited ferroptosis by the downregulation of HMOX1, while compounds 33 and 34 inhibited ferroptosis through regulation of NRF2/SLC7A11/GCLM axis. However, these compounds only showed weak effect in either the necroptosis or ferroptosis relative mouse disease models. Further studies of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics might improve their in vivo bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yu Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, No. 3 Xueyuan Road, Haikou 571199, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yu-Shi Chen
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, 1 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zheng-Biao Zou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ming-Min Xie
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - You Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Li-Sheng Li
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, 1 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Da-Li Meng
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Lan-Qin Wu
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, 1 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Xian-Wen Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, No. 3 Xueyuan Road, Haikou 571199, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China.
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3
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Chatterjee A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its secreted tyrosine phosphatases. Biochimie 2023; 212:41-47. [PMID: 37059349 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the most common infectious diseases and has been a major burden for a long time now. Increasing drug resistance in TB is slowing down the process of disease treatment. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB is known to have a cascade of virulence factors to fight with host's immune system. The phosphatases (PTPs) of Mtb plays a critical role as these are secretory in nature and help the survival of bacteria in host. Researchers have been trying to synthesize inhibitors against a lot of virulence factors of Mtb but recently the phosphatases have gained a lot of interest due to their secretory nature. This review gives a concise overview of virulence factors of Mtb with emphasis on mPTPs. Here we discuss the current scenario of drug development against mPTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Chatterjee
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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4
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Ibrahim SRM, Mohamed SGA, Alsaadi BH, Althubyani MM, Awari ZI, Hussein HGA, Aljohani AA, Albasri JF, Faraj SA, Mohamed GA. Secondary Metabolites, Biological Activities, and Industrial and Biotechnological Importance of Aspergillus sydowii. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:441. [PMID: 37623723 PMCID: PMC10455642 DOI: 10.3390/md21080441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine-derived fungi are renowned as a source of astonishingly significant and synthetically appealing metabolites that are proven as new lead chemicals for chemical, pharmaceutical, and agricultural fields. Aspergillus sydowii is a saprotrophic, ubiquitous, and halophilic fungus that is commonly found in different marine ecosystems. This fungus can cause aspergillosis in sea fan corals leading to sea fan mortality with subsequent changes in coral community structure. Interestingly, A. sydowi is a prolific source of distinct and structurally varied metabolites such as alkaloids, xanthones, terpenes, anthraquinones, sterols, diphenyl ethers, pyrones, cyclopentenones, and polyketides with a range of bioactivities. A. sydowii has capacity to produce various enzymes with marked industrial and biotechnological potential, including α-amylases, lipases, xylanases, cellulases, keratinases, and tannases. Also, this fungus has the capacity for bioremediation as well as the biocatalysis of various chemical reactions. The current work aimed at focusing on the bright side of this fungus. In this review, published studies on isolated metabolites from A. sydowii, including their structures, biological functions, and biosynthesis, as well as the biotechnological and industrial significance of this fungus, were highlighted. More than 245 compounds were described in the current review with 134 references published within the period from 1975 to June 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrin R. M. Ibrahim
- Preparatory Year Program, Department of Chemistry, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | | | - Baiaan H. Alsaadi
- Department of Clinical Service, Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Salman Medical City, MOH, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah 11176, Saudi Arabia; (B.H.A.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Maryam M. Althubyani
- Department of Clinical Service, Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Salman Medical City, MOH, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah 11176, Saudi Arabia; (B.H.A.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Zainab I. Awari
- Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Salman Medical City, MOH, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah 11176, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hazem G. A. Hussein
- Preparatory Year Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abrar A. Aljohani
- Pharmaceutical Care Services, Medina Cardiac Center, MOH, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah 11176, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Jumanah Faisal Albasri
- Pharmacy Department, Home Health Care, MOH, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah 11176, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Salha Atiah Faraj
- Pharmacy Department, King Salman Medical City, MOH, Almadinah Almunawarah 11176, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Gamal A. Mohamed
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
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5
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Kumar G, C A. Natural products and their analogues acting against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A recent update. Drug Dev Res 2023; 84:779-804. [PMID: 37086027 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). It is responsible for significant causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. M.tb possesses robust defense mechanisms against most antibiotic drugs and host responses due to their complex cell membranes with unique lipid molecules. Thus, the efficacy of existing front-line drugs is diminishing, and new and recurring cases of TB arising from multidrug-resistant M.tb are increasing. TB begs the scientific community to explore novel therapeutic avenues. A precise knowledge of the compounds with their mode of action could aid in developing new anti-TB agents that can kill latent and actively multiplying M.tb. This can help in the shortening of the anti-TB regimen and can improve the outcome of treatment strategies. Natural products have contributed several antibiotics for TB treatment. The sources of anti-TB drugs/inhibitors discussed in this work are target-based identification/cell-based and phenotypic screening from natural products. Some of the recently identified natural products derived leads have reached clinical stages of TB drug development, which include rifapentine, CPZEN-45, spectinamide-1599 and 1810. We believe these anti-TB agents could emerge as superior therapeutic compounds to treat TB over known Food and Drug Administration drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kumar
- Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Amrutha C
- Department of Natural Products, Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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6
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Nguyen MV, Han JW, Kim H, Choi GJ. Phenyl Ethers from the Marine-Derived Fungus Aspergillus tabacinus and Their Antimicrobial Activity Against Plant Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:33273-33279. [PMID: 36157764 PMCID: PMC9494657 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Marine fungi produce various secondary metabolites with unique chemical structures and diverse biological activities. In the continuing search for new antifungal agents from fungi isolated from marine environments, the culture filtrate of a fungus Aspergillus tabacinus SFC20160407-M11 exhibited the potential to control plant diseases caused by fungi. From the culture filtrate of A. tabacinus SFC20160407-M11, a total of seven compounds were isolated and identified by activity-guided column chromatography and spectroscopic analysis: violaceol I (1), violaceol II (2), diorcinol (3), versinol (4), orcinol (5), orsellinic acid (6), and sydowiol C (7). Based on in vitro bioassays against 17 plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria, violaceols and diorcinol (1-3) showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration values in the range of 6.3-200 μg mL-1. These compounds also effectively reduced the development of rice blast, tomato late blight, and pepper anthracnose caused by plant pathogenic fungi in a dose-dependent manner. Our results suggest that A. tabacinus SFC20160407-M11 and its phenyl ether compounds could be used for developing new antimicrobial agents to protect crops from plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Van Nguyen
- Center
for Eco-friendly New Materials, Korea Research
Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Jae Woo Han
- Center
for Eco-friendly New Materials, Korea Research
Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- Center
for Eco-friendly New Materials, Korea Research
Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Center
for Eco-friendly New Materials, Korea Research
Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
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7
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Fungal-derived compounds and mycogenic nanoparticles with antimycobacterial activity: a review. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-022-05010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractTuberculosis (TB) is a persistent lung infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The disease is characterized by high mortality rates of over 1 million per year. Unfortunately, the potency and effectiveness of currently used anti-TB drugs is gradually decreasing due to the constant development of persistence and resistance by M. tuberculosis. The adverse side effects associated with current anti-TB drugs, along with anti-TB drug resistance, present an opportunity to bio-prospect novel potent anti-TB drugs from unique sources. Fundamentally, fungi are a rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites with valuable therapeutic potential. Enhancing the potency and effectiveness of fungal-based anti-TB drug leads by chemical synthesis and/or modification with nanomaterials, may result in the discovery of novel anti-TB drugs. In this review, the antimycobacterial activity of fungal-derived compounds and mycogenic nanoparticles are summarized. Numerous fungal-derived compounds as well as some mycogenic nanoparticles that exhibit strong antimycobacterial activity that is comparable to that of approved drugs, were found. If fully explored, fungi holds the promise to become key drivers in the generation of lead compounds in TB-drug discovery initiatives.
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8
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Sun Y, Shi X, Xing Y, Ren XX, Zhang DY, Li X, Xiu ZL, Dong YS. Co-culture of Aspergillus sydowii and Bacillus subtilis induces the production of antibacterial metabolites. Fungal Biol 2022; 126:320-332. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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9
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Cazzaniga G, Mori M, Chiarelli LR, Gelain A, Meneghetti F, Villa S. Natural products against key Mycobacterium tuberculosis enzymatic targets: Emerging opportunities for drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113732. [PMID: 34399099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For centuries, natural products (NPs) have served as powerful therapeutics against a variety of human ailments. Nowadays, they still represent invaluable resources for the treatment of many diseases, including bacterial infections. After nearly three decades since the World Health Organization's (WHO) declaration of tuberculosis (TB) as a global health emergency, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) continues to claim millions of lives, remaining among the leading causes of death worldwide. In the last years, several efforts have been devoted to shortening and improving treatment outcomes, and to overcoming the increasing resistance phenomenon. Nature has always provided a virtually unlimited source of bioactive molecules, which have inspired the development of new drugs. NPs are characterized by an exceptional chemical and structural diversity, the result of millennia of evolutionary responses to various stimuli. Thanks to their favorable structural features and their enzymatic origin, they are naturally prone to bind proteins and exhibit bioactivities. Furthermore, their worldwide distribution and ease of accessibility has contributed to promote investigations on their activity. Overall, these characteristics make NPs excellent models for the design of novel therapeutics. This review offers a critical and comprehensive overview of the most promising NPs, isolated from plants, fungi, marine species, and bacteria, endowed with inhibitory properties against traditional and emerging mycobacterial enzymatic targets. A selection of 86 compounds is here discussed, with a special emphasis on their biological activity, structure-activity relationships, and mechanism of action. Our study corroborates the antimycobacterial potential of NPs, substantiating their relevance in future drug discovery and development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cazzaniga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Mori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Laurent Roberto Chiarelli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, via A. Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Arianna Gelain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Fiorella Meneghetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Stefania Villa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milano, Italy
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10
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Gomes NGM, Madureira-Carvalho Á, Dias-da-Silva D, Valentão P, Andrade PB. Biosynthetic versatility of marine-derived fungi on the delivery of novel antibacterial agents against priority pathogens. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111756. [PMID: 34051618 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the increasing number of novel marine natural products being reported from fungi in the last three decades, to date only the broad-spectrum cephalosporin C can be tracked back as marine fungal-derived drug. Cephalosporins were isolated in the early 1940s from a strain of Acremonium chrysogenum obtained in a sample collected in sewage water in the Sardinian coast, preliminary findings allowing the discovery of cephalosporin C. Since then, bioprospection of marine fungi has been enabling the identification of several metabolites with antibacterial effects, many of which proving to be active against multi-drug resistant strains, available data suggesting also that some might fuel the pharmaceutical firepower towards some of the bacterial pathogens classified as a priority by the World Health Organization. Considering the success of their terrestrial counterparts on the discovery and development of several antibiotics that are nowadays used in the clinical setting, marine fungi obviously come into mind as producers of new prototypes to counteract antibiotic-resistant bacteria that are no longer responding to available treatments. We mainly aim to provide a snapshot on those metabolites that are likely to proceed to advanced preclinical development, not only based on their antibacterial potency, but also considering their targets and modes of action, and activity against priority pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson G M Gomes
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Áurea Madureira-Carvalho
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; IINFACTS-Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal.
| | - Diana Dias-da-Silva
- IINFACTS-Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal; UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Valentão
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Paula B Andrade
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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11
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Niu S, Yang L, Chen T, Hong B, Pei S, Shao Z, Zhang G. New Monoterpenoids and Polyketides from the Deep-Sea Sediment-Derived Fungus Aspergillus sydowii MCCC 3A00324. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E561. [PMID: 33212800 PMCID: PMC7696626 DOI: 10.3390/md18110561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical study of the secondary metabolites of a deep-sea-derived fungus Aspergillus sydowii MCCC 3A00324 led to the isolation of eleven compounds (1-11), including one novel (1) and one new (2) osmane-related monoterpenoids and two undescribed polyketides (3 and 4). The structures of the metabolites were determined by comprehensive analyses of the NMR and HRESIMS spectra, in association with quantum chemical calculations of the 13C NMR, ECD, and specific rotation data for the configurational assignment. Compound 1 possessed a novel monoterpenoid skeleton, biogenetically probably derived from the osmane-type monoperpenoid after the cyclopentane ring cleavage and oxidation reactions. Additionally, compound 3 was the first example of the α-pyrone derivatives bearing two phenyl units at C-3 and C-5, respectively. The anti-inflammatory activities of 1-11 were tested. As a result, compound 6 showed potent inhibitory nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BV-2 microglia cells with an inhibition rate of 94.4% at the concentration of 10 µM. In addition, a plausible biosynthetic pathway for 1 and 2 was also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Niu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China; (S.P.); (Z.S.)
- Technology Innovation Center for Exploitation of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; (L.Y.); (T.C.)
| | - Longhe Yang
- Technology Innovation Center for Exploitation of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; (L.Y.); (T.C.)
| | - Tingting Chen
- Technology Innovation Center for Exploitation of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; (L.Y.); (T.C.)
| | - Bihong Hong
- Technology Innovation Center for Exploitation of Marine Biological Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China; (L.Y.); (T.C.)
| | - Shengxiang Pei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China; (S.P.); (Z.S.)
| | - Zongze Shao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China; (S.P.); (Z.S.)
| | - Gaiyun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China; (S.P.); (Z.S.)
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12
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Structural deformation in pathogenic bacteria cells caused by marine fungal metabolites: An in vitro investigation. Microb Pathog 2020; 146:104248. [PMID: 32407860 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 50 years, fungal natural products have revolutionized medicine, yielding drugs which have enormous therapeutic potential. The aim of this study was to investigate the probable effect of marine fungal natural products on various skin pathogens. Initially, seventy natural extracts obtained from 35 different marine fungal strains were analysed by the agar well diffusion and broth micro dilution assay for their antibacterial action against six human skin pathogens. The minimum inhibitory effects of all active fungal methanolic extracts on targeted pathogens were observed between 90 and 99% at the concentration of 1 mg/mL. The highest activity was recorded by fungal strains belonging to genera Penicillium, Emericellopsis and Simplicillium. Thereafter, possible effects on target bacterial cells were studied by scanning electron microscopy which show significant destruction and structural deformation in the bacterial cell wall. The results of the present study provided good evidence that the studied marine fungi can be a potential source of natural antibacterial agents against skin bacterial pathogens.
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13
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Antimicrobial Secondary Metabolites from the Seawater-Derived Fungus Aspergillus sydowii SW9. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244596. [PMID: 31888157 PMCID: PMC6943586 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine-derived fungi are considered to be valuable producers of bioactive secondary metabolites used as lead compounds with medicinal importance. In this study, chemical investigation of the seawater-derived fungus Aspergillus sydowii SW9 led to the isolation and identification of one new quinazolinone alkaloid, 2-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-4-(3-acetyl)quinazolin-one (1), one new aromatic bisabolene-type sesquiterpenoid, (2) and one new chorismic acid analogue (3), as well as two known alkaloids (compounds 4 and 5). Their structures were determined by extensive 1D/2D NMR and mass spectrometric data, and the absolute configurations of 2 and 3 were assigned by the analysis of ECD spectra aided by quantum chemical computations. Compounds 1, 2, and 4 exhibited selective inhibitory activities against the human pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, with MIC values ranging from 2.0 to 16 μg/mL.
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Induced secondary metabolites from the endophytic fungus Aspergillus versicolor through bacterial co-culture and OSMAC approaches. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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15
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Li WT, Luo D, Huang JN, Wang LL, Zhang FG, Xi T, Liao JM, Lu YY. Antibacterial constituents from Antarctic fungus, Aspergillus sydowii SP-1. Nat Prod Res 2017; 32:662-667. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1335730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-ting Li
- Department of Marine Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Nanjing Shi, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Marine Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Nanjing Shi, China
| | - Jia-ning Huang
- Department of Marine Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Nanjing Shi, China
| | - Lin-lin Wang
- Department of Marine Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Nanjing Shi, China
| | - Feng-guo Zhang
- Department of Marine Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Nanjing Shi, China
| | - Tao Xi
- Department of Marine Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Nanjing Shi, China
| | - Jian-min Liao
- Department of Marine Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Nanjing Shi, China
| | - Yuan-yuan Lu
- Department of Marine Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Nanjing Shi, China
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Phainuphong P, Rukachaisirikul V, Tadpetch K, Sukpondma Y, Saithong S, Phongpaichit S, Preedanon S, Sakayaroj J. γ-Butenolide and furanone derivatives from the soil-derived fungus Aspergillus sclerotiorum PSU-RSPG178. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 137:165-173. [PMID: 28228227 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chromatographic separation of the broth extract of the soil-derived fungus Aspergillus sclerotiorum PSU-RSPG178 resulted in isolation of four γ-butenolide-furanone dimers, aspersclerotiorones A-D, a furanone derivative, aspersclerotiorone E, and two γ-butenolide derivatives, aspersclerotiorones F and G, together with six known compounds, penicillic acid, dihydropenicillic acid, 5,6-dihydro-6-hydroxypenicillic acid, 6-methoxy-5,6-dihydropenicillic acid, coculnol and (4R,5R)-4,5-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-5-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic evidence. For aspersclerotiorones A and B, the structures were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction crystallography. Penicillic acid displayed weak antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with equal MIC values of 128 μg/mL, and it was noncytotoxic towards African green monkey kidney fibroblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patima Phainuphong
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Vatcharin Rukachaisirikul
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
| | - Kwanruthai Tadpetch
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Yaowapa Sukpondma
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Saowanit Saithong
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Souwalak Phongpaichit
- Natural Products Research Center of Excellence and Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Sita Preedanon
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Thailand Science Park, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Jariya Sakayaroj
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Thailand Science Park, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
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Huang Z, Nong X, Ren Z, Wang J, Zhang X, Qi S. Anti-HSV-1, antioxidant and antifouling phenolic compounds from the deep-sea-derived fungus Aspergillus versicolor SCSIO 41502. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.032 pmid: 281299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Huang Z, Nong X, Ren Z, Wang J, Zhang X, Qi S. Anti-HSV-1, antioxidant and antifouling phenolic compounds from the deep-sea-derived fungus Aspergillus versicolor SCSIO 41502. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:787-791. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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20
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Shang Z, Khalil Z, Li L, Salim AA, Quezada M, Kalansuriya P, Capon RJ. Roseopurpurins: Chemical Diversity Enhanced by Convergent Biosynthesis and Forward and Reverse Michael Additions. Org Lett 2016; 18:4340-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Shang
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Zeinab Khalil
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Li Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Angela A. Salim
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Michelle Quezada
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Pabasara Kalansuriya
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Robert J. Capon
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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Li XB, Zhou YH, Zhu RX, Chang WQ, Yuan HQ, Gao W, Zhang LL, Zhao ZT, Lou HX. Identification and biological evaluation of secondary metabolites from the endolichenic fungus Aspergillus versicolor. Chem Biodivers 2016; 12:575-92. [PMID: 25879502 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201400146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A chemical investigation of the endolichenic fungus Aspergillus versicolor (125a), which was found in the lichen Lobaria quercizans, resulted in the isolation of four novel diphenyl ethers, named diorcinols F-H (1-3, resp.) and 3-methoxyviolaceol-II (4), eight new bisabolane sesquiterpenoids, named (-)-(R)-cyclo-hydroxysydonic acid (5), (-)-(7S,8R)-8-hydroxysydowic acid (6), (-)-(7R,10S)-10-hydroxysydowic acid (7), (-)-(7R,10R)-iso-10-hydroxysydowic acid (8), (-)-12-acetoxy-1-deoxysydonic acid (9), (-)-12-acetoxysydonic acid (10), (-)-12-hydroxysydonic acid (11), and (-)-(R)-11-dehydrosydonic acid (12), two new tris(pyrogallol ethers), named sydowiols D (13) and E (14), and fifteen known compounds, 15-29. All of the structures were determined by spectroscopic analyses, and a number of them were further identified through chemical transformations and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Preliminary bioassays of these isolates for the determination of their inhibitory activities against the fungus Candida albicans, and their cytotoxicities against the human cancer cell lines PC3, A549, A2780, MDA-MB-231, and HEPG2 were also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bin Li
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Key Lab of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, P. R. China (phone: +86-531-88382012; fax: +86-531-88382019)
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Hayashi A, Crombie A, Lacey E, Richardson AJ, Vuong D, Piggott AM, Hallegraeff G. Aspergillus Sydowii Marine Fungal Bloom in Australian Coastal Waters, Its Metabolites and Potential Impact on Symbiodinium Dinoflagellates. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14030059. [PMID: 26999164 PMCID: PMC4810073 DOI: 10.3390/md14030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dust has been widely recognised as an important source of nutrients in the marine environment and as a vector for transporting pathogenic microorganisms. Disturbingly, in the wake of a dust storm event along the eastern Australian coast line in 2009, the Continuous Plankton Recorder collected masses of fungal spores and mycelia (~150,000 spores/m³) forming a floating raft that covered a coastal area equivalent to 25 times the surface of England. Cultured A. sydowii strains exhibited varying metabolite profiles, but all produced sydonic acid, a chemotaxonomic marker for A. sydowii. The Australian marine fungal strains share major metabolites and display comparable metabolic diversity to Australian terrestrial strains and to strains pathogenic to Caribbean coral. Secondary colonisation of the rafts by other fungi, including strains of Cladosporium, Penicillium and other Aspergillus species with distinct secondary metabolite profiles, was also encountered. Our bioassays revealed that the dust-derived marine fungal extracts and known A. sydowii metabolites such as sydowic acid, sydowinol and sydowinin A adversely affect photophysiological performance (Fv/Fm) of the coral reef dinoflagellate endosymbiont Symbiodinium. Different Symbiodinium clades exhibited varying sensitivities, mimicking sensitivity to coral bleaching phenomena. The detection of such large amounts of A. sydowii following this dust storm event has potential implications for the health of coral environments such as the Great Barrier Reef.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Hayashi
- Institute for Marine & Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7004, Australia.
| | - Andrew Crombie
- Microbial Screening Technologies, Building A, 28-54 Percival Rd, Smithfield NSW 2164, Australia.
| | - Ernest Lacey
- Microbial Screening Technologies, Building A, 28-54 Percival Rd, Smithfield NSW 2164, Australia.
| | - Anthony J Richardson
- CSIRO Marine & Atmospheric Research, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia.
- Centre for Applications in Natural Resource Mathematics, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Daniel Vuong
- Microbial Screening Technologies, Building A, 28-54 Percival Rd, Smithfield NSW 2164, Australia.
| | - Andrew M Piggott
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Gustaaf Hallegraeff
- Institute for Marine & Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7004, Australia.
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Abstract
This review covers the literature published in 2013 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 982 citations (644 for the period January to December 2013) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1163 for 2013), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Chatterjee A, Pandey S, Singh PK, Pathak NP, Rai N, Ramachandran R, Tripathi RP, Srivastava KK. Biochemical and functional characterizations of tyrosine phosphatases from pathogenic and nonpathogenic mycobacteria: indication of phenyl cyclopropyl methyl-/phenyl butenyl azoles as tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:7539-48. [PMID: 25750048 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6502-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation is one of the most common means of posttranslational modifications which can generate novel recognition motifs for protein interactions and thereafter affecting cellular localization, protein stability, and enzyme activity. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) possesses a wide range of signal transduction systems, including two protein tyrosine phosphatases (PtpA and PtpB). Since functional diversities between protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) are illustrated by regulatory domains and subunits, we have characterized the nature of tyrosine phosphatases from slow-grower pathogenic species Mtb and from fast-grower nonpathogenic species Mycobacterium smegmatis (MS). The findings delineate that the enzymes present in MS have significantly lesser phosphatase activity than PTPases of Mtb as evidenced by low K cat/K m of recombinantly expressed proteins. The K cat/K m for Mtb PtpA was 500-1000-fold higher than MS PTPases. We have designed and synthesized phenyl cyclopropyl methyl-/phenyl butenyl azoles which inhibit growth of mycobacteria, in culture and in macrophages. The mechanism of efficacy of these compounds against mycobacteria was identified and suggested that the inhibition may possibly be mediated via the targeting of Mtb tyrosine phosphatase. The results further added that these compounds exclusively inhibit PtpA of Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Chatterjee
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226 031, India
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Shang Z, Li L, Espósito BP, Salim AA, Khalil ZG, Quezada M, Bernhardt PV, Capon RJ. New PKS-NRPS tetramic acids and pyridinone from an Australian marine-derived fungus, Chaunopycnis sp. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:7795-802. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01058f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Marine-derived fungus Chaunopycnis sp. yielded the tetramic acid F-14329 (1) and new analogues, chaunolidines A–C (2–4), together with the new pyridinone chaunolidone A (5), and pyridoxatin (6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Shang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Li Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100050
- China
| | | | - Angela A. Salim
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Zeinab G. Khalil
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Michelle Quezada
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Paul V. Bernhardt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Robert J. Capon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
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