Facile conversion of para-benzoquinones to para-alkoxyphenols with primary/secondary alcohols and amberlyst-15: a process showing novel reducing property of such alcohols

Synergy between vitamin E and D-sorbitol in enhancing oxidation stability of highly crosslinked ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene

Oxidative stability of radiation crosslinked ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) artificial joints is significantly improved by vitamin E (VE), but there is a dilemma that VE hinders crosslinking and thus jeopardizes the wear of UHMWPE. In this effort, we proposed an efficient strategy to stabilize UHMWPE under limited antioxidant contents, where VE and D-sorbitol (DS) were used as the primary antioxidant and the secondary antioxidant respectively. For non-irradiated blends with fixed antioxidant contents, oxidative stability accessed by oxidation induction time (OIT) of VE/DS/UHMWPE blends was superior to that of VE/UHMWPE blends, while DS/UHMWPE blends showed no increase in OIT. The cooperation between DS and VE exhibited a synergistic effect on enhancing the oxidative stability of UHMWPE. Interestingly, the irradiated VE/DS/UHMWPE blends showed comparable OIT but a significantly higher crosslink density than the irradiated VE/UHMWPE blends. The crystallinity, melting point, and in vitro biocompatibility of the blends were not affected by VE and DS. The quantitative relationships of mechanical properties, oxidation stability, crystallinity and crosslink density were established to unveil the correlation of these key factors. The overall properties of VE/UHMWPE and VE/DS/UHMWPE blends were compared to elucidate the superiority of the antioxidant compounding strategy. These findings provide a paradigm to break the trade-off between oxidative stability, crosslink density and mechanical properties, which is constructive to develop UHMWPE bearings with upgraded performance for total joint replacements. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: VE-stabilized UHMWPE is the most commonly used material in total joint replacements at present. However, oxidation and wear resistance of VE/UHMWPE implants cannot be unified since VE reduces the efficiency of radiation crosslinking. It limits the use of VE. Herein, we proposed a compounding stabilization by the synergy between VE and DS. The antioxidation capability of VE was revived by DS, thus enhancing the oxidation stability of unirradiated UHMWPE. The irradiated VE/DS/UHMWPE exhibited similar oxidation stability but higher crosslink density than irradiated VE/UHMWPE, which is beneficial to combat wear of UHMWPE and to inhibit the occurrence of osteolysis. This synergistic antioxidation strategy endows the UHMWPE joint material with good overall performance, which is of clinical significance.