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Heyder RS, Sunbul FS, Almuqbil RM, Fines CB, da Rocha SRP. Poly(anhydride-ester) gemcitabine: Synthesis and particle engineering of a high payload hydrolysable polymeric drug for cancer therapy. J Control Release 2021; 330:1178-1190. [PMID: 33212118 PMCID: PMC10939058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Gemcitabine (GMT) is a nucleoside analog used in the treatment of a variety of solid tumors. GMT was chemically modified with a hydrolysable linker, and subsequently incorporated into a poly(anhydride-ester) backbone via melt-polymerization, with the active antimetabolite GMT, thus, becoming the repeat unit that makes up this new material, a biodegradable polymer. Characterization of the structure of polymeric GMT (polyGMT) revealed the incorporation of an average 26 molecules of GMT per polymer chain, which corresponds to a drug loading of 58%w/w. The glass transition temperature of the formed polyGMT was determined to be 123 °C. PolyGMT was engineered into nanoparticles (NPs) using a dialysis-based method, with a resulting geometric diameter of 206 ± 38 nm. The particles are easily dispersible and stable in aqueous-based media, with a hydrodynamic diameter of 229 ± 28 nm. The prepared hydrolysable polyGMT NPs demonstrate ultra-long release profile due to the hydrophobic nature of the linker, and as per characteristic erosion behavior of polymers with anhydride-ester bonds. Accelerated in vitro release studies demonstrate the recovery of free GMT upon hydrolysis, with biological activity as assessed by cytotoxicity assays performed in adenocarcinoma human alveolar basal epithelial (A549) and highly metastatic murine osteosarcoma (K7M2) cells lines. The characteristics of polyGMT, including its thermal properties and built in hydrolysable structure, are thus conducive for use in the preparation of drug delivery systems. Engineered structures prepared with polyGMT can maintain their morphology at ambient and physiologically relevant conditions, and free GMT is recovered as the anhydride and ester bonds are hydrolyzed. This work is innovative as for the first time we demonstrate the ability to polymerize GMT in a hydrolysable polymer structure, and engineer NPs of this polymeric chemotherapy. The synthetic strategy allows for tuning of the polymer hydrophobicity and thus potentialize its behavior, including degradation profile, by varying the linker chemistry. Such controlled release hydrolysable polymers with very high drug loading and controlled erosion profiles are relevant as they may offer new opportunities in drug delivery applications for the treatment of malignant neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo S Heyder
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences - School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, United States
| | - Fatemah S Sunbul
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences - School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, United States
| | - Rashed M Almuqbil
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences - School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, United States
| | - Cory B Fines
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences - School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, United States
| | - Sandro R P da Rocha
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering and Sciences - School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, United States.
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2
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Zhang Y, Liu X, Lin Y, Lian B, Lan W, Iovanna JL, Liu X, Peng L, Xia Y. Novel triazole nucleoside analogues promote anticancer activity via both apoptosis and autophagy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:10014-10017. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04660d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Novel triazole nucleosides developed by the strategy of “terminal N,N-dimethylation” displayed anticancer activity mediated via apoptosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Chongqing University
- China
| | - Xi Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Chongqing University
- China
| | - Yun Lin
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Chongqing University
- China
| | - Baoping Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases
- Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Lan
- Aix-Marseille Université
- CNRS
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM)
- UMR 7325
- Equipe Labellisé par La Ligue
| | - Juan L. Iovanna
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM)
- INSERM U1068
- CNRS
- Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes
- Marseille 13288
| | - Xiaoxuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases
- Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- P. R. China
| | - Ling Peng
- Aix-Marseille Université
- CNRS
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM)
- UMR 7325
- Equipe Labellisé par La Ligue
| | - Yi Xia
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Chongqing University
- China
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3
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Trznadel R, Singh A, Kleczewska N, Liberska J, Ruszkowski P, Celewicz L. Synthesis and in vitro anticancer activity of new gemcitabine-nucleoside analogue dimers containing methyltriazole or ester-methyltriazole linker. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2587-2594. [PMID: 31400940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Two series of novel gemcitabine-nucleoside analogue dimers were synthesized using the 'click' chemistry approach. In the first series of dimers (21-30), the nucleoside units were connected with a stable methyltriazole 4N-3'(or 5')C linker whereas in the second series (31-40) with a cleavable ester-methyltriazole 4N-3'(or 5')C linker. Dimers 21-40 were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity in five human cancer cell lines such as cervical (HeLa), nasopharyngeal (KB), lung (A549), brain (U87), liver (HepG2) and normal dermal fibroblast cell line (HDF) using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Compound 29 comprising two gemcitabine (dFdC) units exhibited the highest activity among dimers 21-30. The activity of compound 29 was higher than that of dFdC in all the studied cancer cell lines. A similar order of activity was observed for compounds 25, 28, and 30. The best activity among all the dimers synthesized was displayed by compound 39, comprising two gemcitabine units with a cleavable linker. The activity of compound 39 was 5 to 9 times higher than that of dFdC, depending on the cell line. In addition, marked cytotoxic activity was shown by compounds 31, 36, 38, and 40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roksana Trznadel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego St 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Singh
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego St 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Natalia Kleczewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego St 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Liberska
- Department of Pharmacology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka St 5 a, 60-806 Poznań, Poland
| | - Piotr Ruszkowski
- Department of Pharmacology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka St 5 a, 60-806 Poznań, Poland
| | - Lech Celewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego St 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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4
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Maier L, Khirsariya P, Hylse O, Adla SK, Černová L, Poljak M, Krajčovičová S, Weis E, Drápela S, Souček K, Paruch K. Diastereoselective Flexible Synthesis of Carbocyclic C-Nucleosides. J Org Chem 2017; 82:3382-3402. [PMID: 28267331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Carbocyclic C-nucleosides are quite rare. Our route enables flexible preparation of three classes of these nucleoside analogs from common precursors-properly substituted cyclopentanones, which can be prepared racemic (in six steps) or optically pure (in ten steps) from inexpensive norbornadiene. The methodology allows flexible manipulation of individual positions around the cyclopentane ring, namely highly diastereoselective installation of carbo- and heterocyclic substituents at position 1', orthogonal functionalization of position 5', and efficient inversion of stereochemistry at position 2'. Newly prepared carbocyclic C-analog of tubercidine, profiled in MCF7 (breast cancer) and HFF1 (human foreskin fibroblasts) cell cultures, is less potent than tubercidine itself, but more selectively toxic toward the tumorigenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Maier
- Department of Chemistry, CZ Openscreen, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University , Kamenice 5/A8, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,International Center for Clinical Research, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno , Pekařská 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Prashant Khirsariya
- Department of Chemistry, CZ Openscreen, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University , Kamenice 5/A8, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,International Center for Clinical Research, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno , Pekařská 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Hylse
- Department of Chemistry, CZ Openscreen, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University , Kamenice 5/A8, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,International Center for Clinical Research, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno , Pekařská 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Santosh Kumar Adla
- Department of Chemistry, CZ Openscreen, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University , Kamenice 5/A8, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Černová
- Department of Chemistry, CZ Openscreen, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University , Kamenice 5/A8, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Poljak
- Department of Chemistry, CZ Openscreen, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University , Kamenice 5/A8, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Soňa Krajčovičová
- Department of Chemistry, CZ Openscreen, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University , Kamenice 5/A8, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Erik Weis
- Department of Chemistry, CZ Openscreen, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University , Kamenice 5/A8, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Drápela
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Královopolská 135, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Souček
- International Center for Clinical Research, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno , Pekařská 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Královopolská 135, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Paruch
- Department of Chemistry, CZ Openscreen, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University , Kamenice 5/A8, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.,International Center for Clinical Research, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno , Pekařská 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
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5
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Labroli MA, Dwyer MP, Shen R, Popovici-Muller J, Pu Q, Wyss D, McCoy M, Barrett D, Davis N, Seghezzi W, Shanahan F, Taricani L, Beaumont M, Malinao MC, Parry D, Guzi TJ. The identification of novel 5'-amino gemcitabine analogs as potent RRM1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2303-10. [PMID: 24588962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) enzyme is a heteromer of RRM1 and RRM2 subunits. The active enzyme catalyzes de novo reduction of ribonucleotides to generate deoxyribonucleotides (dNTPs), which are required for DNA replication and DNA repair processes. Complexity in the generation of physiologically relevant, active RRM1/RRM2 heterodimers was perceived as limiting to the identification of selective RRM1 inhibitors by high-throughput screening of compound libraries and led us to seek alternative methods to identify lead series. In short, we found that gemcitabine, as its diphosphate metabolite, represents one of the few described active site inhibitors of RRM1. We herein describe the identification of novel 5'-amino gemcitabine analogs as potent RRM1 inhibitors through in-cell phenotypic screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Labroli
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
| | - Michael P Dwyer
- Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Ruichao Shen
- Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, BMB-3, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Qinglin Pu
- Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, BMB-3, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel Wyss
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Mark McCoy
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Dianah Barrett
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Nicole Davis
- Merck Research Laboratories, 901 South California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Wolfgang Seghezzi
- Merck Research Laboratories, 901 South California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Frances Shanahan
- Merck Research Laboratories, 901 South California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Lorena Taricani
- Merck Research Laboratories, 901 South California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Maribel Beaumont
- Merck Research Laboratories, 901 South California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | | | - David Parry
- Merck Research Laboratories, 901 South California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Timothy J Guzi
- Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, BMB-3, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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