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Wang J, Berglund MR, Braden T, Embry MC, Johnson MD, Groskreutz SR, Sayyed FB, Tsukanov SV, White TD, Jalan A, Seibert KD, Kopach ME. Mechanistic Study of Diketopiperazine Formation during Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis of Tirzepatide. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:46809-46824. [PMID: 36570276 PMCID: PMC9773959 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on investigating diketopiperazine (DKP) and the formation of associated double-amino-acid deletion impurities during linear solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) of tirzepatide (TZP). We identified that the DKP formation primarily occurred during the Fmoc-deprotection reaction and post-coupling aging of the unstable Fmoc-Pro-Pro-Ser-resin active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) intermediate. Similar phenomena have also been observed for other TZP active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) intermediates that contain a penultimate proline amino acid, such as Fmoc-Ala-Pro-Pro-Pro-Ser-resin, Fmoc-Pro-Pro-Pro-Ser-resin, and Fmoc-Gly-Pro-Ser-Ser-Gly-Ala-Pro-Pro-Pro-Ser-resin, which are intermediates for both hybrid and linear synthesis approaches. During post-coupling aging, it is found that Fmoc deprotection can proceed in dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), and acetonitrile (ACN) solvents without any piperidine addition. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that a peptide that has a penultimate proline stabilizes the transition state through the C-H···π interaction during Fmoc decomposition, which causes those peptides to be more prone to cascade-deprotection reactions. Pseudo-reaction pathways are then proposed, and a corresponding macrokinetics model is developed to allow accurate prediction of the TZP peptide intermediate self-deprotection and DKP formation rate. Based on those studies, control strategies for minimizing DKP formation were further investigated and an alternative to Fmoc protection was identified (Bsmoc-protected amino acids), which eliminated the formation of the DKP byproducts. In addition, the use of oxyma additives and lower storage temperature was demonstrated to markedly improve the peptide intermediate stability to DKP degradation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyao Wang
- Synthetic
Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly
and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana46285, United States
| | - Mark R. Berglund
- Synthetic
Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly
and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana46285, United States
| | - Timothy Braden
- Synthetic
Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly
and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana46285, United States
| | - Matthew C. Embry
- Synthetic
Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly
and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana46285, United States
| | - Martin D. Johnson
- Synthetic
Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly
and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana46285, United States
| | - Stephen R. Groskreutz
- Synthetic
Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly
and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana46285, United States
| | - Fareed Bhasha Sayyed
- Synthetic
Molecule Design & Development, Eli Lilly
Services India Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru560103, India
| | | | - Timothy D. White
- Synthetic
Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly
and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana46285, United States
| | - Ankur Jalan
- Synthetic
Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly
and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana46285, United States
| | - Kevin D. Seibert
- Synthetic
Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly
and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana46285, United States
| | - Michael E. Kopach
- Synthetic
Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly
and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana46285, United States
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2
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Carlini L, Chiarinelli J, Mattioli G, Castrovilli MC, Valentini V, De Stefanis A, Bauer EM, Bolognesi P, Avaldi L. Insights into the Thermally Activated Cyclization Mechanism in a Linear Phenylalanine-Alanine Dipeptide. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:2968-2978. [PMID: 35438499 PMCID: PMC9059117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c10736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Dipeptides, the prototype
peptides, exist in both linear (l-) and cyclo (c-) structures. Since the
first mass spectrometry experiments, it has been observed that some l-structures may turn into the cyclo ones, likely via a
temperature-induced process. In this work, combining several different
experimental techniques (mass spectrometry, infrared and Raman spectroscopy,
and thermogravimetric analysis) with tight-binding and ab initio simulations,
we provide evidence that, in the case of l-phenylalanyl-l-alanine, an irreversible cyclization mechanism, catalyzed
by water and driven by temperature, occurs in the condensed phase.
This process can be considered as a very efficient strategy to improve
dipeptide stability by turning the comparatively fragile linear structure
into the robust and more stable cyclic one. This mechanism may have
played a role in prebiotic chemistry and can be further exploited
in the preparation of nanomaterials and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carlini
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura della Materia (CNR-ISM), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Monterotondo Scalo 00015, Italy
| | - Jacopo Chiarinelli
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura della Materia (CNR-ISM), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Monterotondo Scalo 00015, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mattioli
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura della Materia (CNR-ISM), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Monterotondo Scalo 00015, Italy
| | - Mattea Carmen Castrovilli
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura della Materia (CNR-ISM), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Monterotondo Scalo 00015, Italy
| | - Veronica Valentini
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura della Materia (CNR-ISM), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Monterotondo Scalo 00015, Italy
| | - Adriana De Stefanis
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura della Materia (CNR-ISM), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Monterotondo Scalo 00015, Italy
| | - Elvira Maria Bauer
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura della Materia (CNR-ISM), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Monterotondo Scalo 00015, Italy
| | - Paola Bolognesi
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura della Materia (CNR-ISM), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Monterotondo Scalo 00015, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Avaldi
- CNR-Istituto di Struttura della Materia (CNR-ISM), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Monterotondo Scalo 00015, Italy
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3
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Devari S, Bhunia D, Bong D. Synthesis of bifacial Peptide Nucleic Acids with diketopiperazine backbones. Synlett 2022; 33:965-968. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1802-6873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We report herein synthesis of bifacial peptide nucleic acids (bPNAs) with novel diketopiperazine (DKP) backbones that display unnatural melamine (M) bases as well as native bases. To examine the structure-function scope of diketopiperazine bPNAs, we synthesized a set of bPNAs using diaminopropionic acid, diaminobutyric acid, ornithine and lysine derivatives to display the base-tripling motifs, which result in 1, 2, 3, and 4 carbons linking alpha carbon to sidechain amine, respectively. Thermal denaturation of DNA hybrids with these bPNAs revealed that the optimal sidechain linkage was 4 carbons, corresponding to the lysine derivative. Accordingly, monomers displaying two bases per sidechain were prepared via double reductive alkylation of the ε-amine of Fmoc-Lysine with acetaldehyde derivatives of adenine, cytidine, uridine and melamine. With these building blocks in hand, diketopiperazine bPNAs were prepared to display a combination of native and synthetic (melamine) bases. Preliminary melting studies indicate binding signatures of cytidine and melamine-displaying bPNAs to T-rich DNAs, though full characterization of this behavior is ongoing. We anticipate that the straightforward synthetic methodology developed herein will enable further studies on noncanonical nucleic acid hybridization with diketopiperazine backbones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekaraiah Devari
- Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - Debmalya Bhunia
- Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
| | - Dennis Bong
- Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States
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4
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Poonia BK, Sidhu A, Sharma AB. Cyclo(l-proline-l-serine) Dipeptide Suppresses Seed Borne Fungal Pathogens of Rice: Altered Cellular Membrane Integrity of Fungal Hyphae and Seed Quality Benefits. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:2160-2168. [PMID: 35142498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Five proline-containing diketopiperazines (Pro-DKPs) produced by antagonistic microorganisms as secondary metabolites were selected and synthesized under laboratory conditions. Out of five synthesized Pro-DKPs, cyclo(l-Pro-l-Ser) (DKP-6) revealed the best inhibition of fungal pathogens (Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium fujikuroi) of rice under in vitro conditions with effective doses lower than standard fungicide carbendazim. DKP-6 induced stress on the fungal cell membrane integrity, which was revealed by calcofluor white and propidium iodide assays, endorsed by ultra-microscopic details and soluble protein leakage assays. In vivo seed treatment of infested rice seeds with DKP-6 at 2000 μg/mL for 10 h of seed treatment inflicted best reduction in seed rot and seedling blight with respect to control and carbendazim. Significant enhancement in seedling quality parameters were also observed. The work presented the strong influence of cyclo(l-Pro-l-Ser) as a mycocidal seed treatment agent better than synthetic toxic fungicides for rice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anjali Sidhu
- Department of Soil Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Anju Bala Sharma
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
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Balachandra C, Padhi D, Govindaraju T. Cyclic Dipeptide: A Privileged Molecular Scaffold to Derive Structural Diversity and Functional Utility. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2558-2587. [PMID: 33938157 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic dipeptides (CDPs) are the simplest form of cyclic peptides with a wide range of applications from therapeutics to biomaterials. CDP is a versatile molecular platform endowed with unique properties such as conformational rigidity, intermolecular interactions, structural diversification through chemical synthesis, bioavailability and biocompatibility. A variety of natural products with the CDP core exhibit anticancer, antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral activities. The inherent bioactivities have inspired the development of synthetic analogues as drug candidates and drug delivery systems. CDP plays a crucial role as conformation and molecular assembly directing core in the design of molecular receptors, peptidomimetics and fabrication of functional material architectures. In recent years, CDP has rapidly become a privileged scaffold for the design of advanced drug candidates, drug delivery agents, bioimaging, and biomaterials to mitigate numerous disease conditions. This review describes the structural diversification and multifarious biomedical applications of the CDP scaffold, discusses challenges, and provides future directions for the emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenikkayala Balachandra
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur P.O., Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Dikshaa Padhi
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur P.O., Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - Thimmaiah Govindaraju
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur P.O., Bangalore, 560064, India
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6
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Unified enantioselective total synthesis of 3,6-dioxygenated diketopiperazine natural products, diatretol and lepistamides A, B and C. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.152895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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7
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Chen Y, Tao K, Ji W, Makam P, Rencus-Lazar S, Gazit E. Self-Assembly of Cyclic Dipeptides: Platforms for Functional Materials. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 27:688-697. [PMID: 32048950 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666200212123542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular self-assembled functional materials comprised of cyclic dipeptide building blocks have excellent prospects for biotechnology applications due to their exceptional structural rigidity, morphological flexibility, ease of preparation and modification. Although the pharmacological uses of many natural cyclic dipeptides have been studied in detail, relatively little is reported on the engineering of these supramolecular architectures for the fabrication of functional materials. In this review, we discuss the progress in the design, synthesis, and characterization of cyclic dipeptide supramolecular nanomaterials over the past few decades, highlighting applications in biotechnology and optoelectronics engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Kai Tao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Pandeeswar Makam
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Sigal Rencus-Lazar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ehud Gazit
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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8
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André A, Touré AK, Stien D, Eparvier V. 2,5-diketopiperazines mitigate the amount of advanced glycation end products accumulated with age in human dermal fibroblasts. Int J Cosmet Sci 2020; 42:596-604. [PMID: 32767373 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glycation is a common non-enzymatic reaction between proteins and sugars, resulting in the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in the human body. As can be seen in diabetic patients, the accumulation of AGEs in the skin has aesthetic consequences (wrinkles, brown spots and yellowish complexion). Therefore, the objective of this work was to find compounds isolated from natural sources that could eliminate the final AGEs accumulated in the skin with ageing. METHODS AND RESULTS A preliminary screening performed on a bank of microbial extracts and pure compounds showed that 2,5-Diketopiperazines (DKPs), as well as the extract of Sphingobacterium sp (SNB-CN13), reduced the presence of AGEs in fibroblasts by -28% and -23%, respectively. In this article, we present the dereplication approach used to reveal the presence of 26 different DKPs in the crude extract of Sphingobacterium sp. Bioguided fractionation has led to the isolation of 12 of them, whose identity has been confirmed by HRMS and NMR. A green synthesis approach has been developed to synthesize 3 symmetrical DKPs. The biological activity of all DKPs was evaluated by the development of an in vitro test using immunocytochemistry to reveal the presence of AGE carboxymethyl-lysine in human dermal fibroblasts. CONCLUSION Our work shows for the first time that DKPs decrease the amount of carboxymethyl-lysine AGE in elderly human dermal fibroblasts grown in vitro. Therefore, diketopiperazines can be considered as compounds of interest for dermatological and cosmetic applications with an anti-ageing aim.
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Affiliation(s)
- A André
- CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198, France.,Laboratoire Shigeta, 62 boulevard Davout, Paris, 75020, France
| | - A K Touré
- Laboratoire Shigeta, 62 boulevard Davout, Paris, 75020, France
| | - D Stien
- Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologies Microbiennes, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, USR 3579, Banyuls-sur-mer, 66650, France
| | - V Eparvier
- Laboratoire Shigeta, 62 boulevard Davout, Paris, 75020, France
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9
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Chang F, Wang S, Li C, Lu Y, Vanson Liu S, Chen C, Wu Y, Cheng Y. Natural Products from
Diaporthe arecae
with Anti‐Angiogenic Activity. Isr J Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201800158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang‐Rong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products College of PharmacyKaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and ResourcesNational Sun Yat-sen University Kaohsiung 804 Taiwan
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine Taipei 112 Taiwan
| | - Shih‐Wei Wang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products College of PharmacyKaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College New Taipei city 252 Taiwan
| | - Chi‐Ying Li
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products College of PharmacyKaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
| | - Yen‐Yi Lu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products College of PharmacyKaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
| | - Shang‐Yin Vanson Liu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and ResourcesNational Sun Yat-sen University Kaohsiung 804 Taiwan
| | - Ching‐Yeu Chen
- Department of Physical TherapyTzu-Hui Institute of Technology Pingtung 926 Taiwan
| | - Yang‐Chang Wu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products College of PharmacyKaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
- Research Center for Natural Products & Drug DevelopmentKaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
- Department of Medical ResearchKaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
| | - Yuan‐Bin Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products College of PharmacyKaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
- Department of Medical ResearchKaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 807 Taiwan
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10
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Li Y, Li F, Zhu Y, Li X, Zhou Z, Liu C, Zhang W, Tang M. DFT study on reaction mechanisms of cyclic dipeptide generation. Struct Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-016-0740-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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