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Adly ME, Mahmoud AM, El-Nassan HB. Green electrosynthesis of bis(indolyl)methane derivatives in deep eutectic solvents. BMC Chem 2024; 18:139. [PMID: 39068439 PMCID: PMC11283723 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-024-01245-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, a new green method was developed for the synthesis of bis(indolyl)methane derivatives using electrochemical bisarylation reaction in deep eutectic solvents as a green alternative to traditional solvents and electrolytes. The effects of varying time, current, type of solvent and material of electrodes were all studied. The optimum reaction conditions involved the use of ethylene glycol/choline chloride with a ratio of 2:1 at 80 °C for 45 min. Graphite and platinum were used as cathode and anode, respectively. The newly developed method offered many advantages such as using mild reaction conditions, short reaction time and affording high product yields with a wide range of substituted aromatic aldehydes bearing electron donating or electron withdrawing substituents. In addition, the electrochemical method proved to be more effective than heating in deep eutectic solvents and afforded higher yields of products in shorter reaction time. The mechanism of the electrochemical reaction was proposed and confirmed using the cyclic voltammetry study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina E Adly
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 33 Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Amr M Mahmoud
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Hala B El-Nassan
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 33 Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
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2
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Kolagkis PX, Galathri EM, Kokotos CG. Green and sustainable approaches for the Friedel-Crafts reaction between aldehydes and indoles. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:379-426. [PMID: 38410780 PMCID: PMC10896228 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of indoles and their derivatives, more specifically bis(indolyl)methanes (BIMs), has been an area of great interest in organic chemistry, since these compounds exhibit a range of interesting biological and pharmacological properties. BIMs are naturally found in cruciferous vegetables and have been shown to be effective antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and even anticancer agents. Traditionally, the synthesis of BIMs has been achieved upon the acidic condensation of an aldehyde with indole, utilizing a variety of protic or Lewis acids. However, due to the increased environmental awareness of our society, the focus has shifted towards the development of greener synthetic technologies, like photocatalysis, organocatalysis, the use of nanocatalysts, microwave irradiation, ball milling, continuous flow, and many more. Thus, in this review, we summarize the medicinal properties of BIMs and the developed BIM synthetic protocols, utilizing the reaction between aldehydes with indoles, while focusing on the more environmentally friendly methods developed over the years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Periklis X Kolagkis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - Eirini M Galathri
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15771, Greece
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3
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Galathri EM, Di Terlizzi L, Fagnoni M, Protti S, Kokotos CG. Friedel-Crafts arylation of aldehydes with indoles utilizing arylazo sulfones as the photoacid generator. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:365-369. [PMID: 36512428 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02214a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A versatile, inexpensive and sustainable protocol for the preparation of valuable bis-indolyl methanes via visible light-mediated, metal-free Friedel-Crafts arylation has been developed. The procedure, that exploits the peculiar behavior of arylazo sulfones as non-ionic photoacid generators (PAGs), was applied to the conversion of a variety of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes into diarylmethanes in good to highly satisfactory yields, employing a low-catalyst loading (0.5 mol%) and irradiation at 456 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini M Galathri
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
| | - Lorenzo Di Terlizzi
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
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Rivas-Loaiza JA, García-Merinos JP, Ramírez-Díaz MI, López-Ruiz H, López Y. Synthesis of Bis(indolyl)methanes via thiourea organocatalysts carrying 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl or 3,5-dichlorophenyl moieties. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Mardani Y, Karimi-Jaberi Z, Soltanian Fard MJ. Application of Magnetically Recoverable Core–Shell Nanocomposite in the Synthesis of Bis(indolyl)methanes at Room Temperature. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428021100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Banari H, Kiyani H, Pourali AR. Bisindolization Reaction Employing Phthalimide-N-sulfonic Acid as an Efficient Catalyst. CURRENT ORGANOCATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/2213337206666191022110730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Bis(indolyl) methanes (BIMs) have a wide spectrum of applications in biomedicine
and agriculture as well as are present in natural products. These bisheterocyclic compounds
possess vast pharmacological, including antifungal, antitubercular, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial,
anticancer, anticonvulsant, antibiotic, antiviral, antimalarial, analgesic, and antidiabetic properties.
BIMs scaffolds have also been employed as selective optical chemosensors for detection of some anions
and cations with the naked eye. Because of the importance of these bisheterocycles, various methods
have been reported for their synthesis through reaction of indole derivatives and aldehydes or ketones.
Therefore, the synthesis of BIMs through different methodologies has received widespread attention
in the field of organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry.
Objective:
In this study, the catalytic activity of phthalimide-N-sulfonic acid (PISA) as an efficient and
safe solid acidic organocatalyst toward the synthesis of BIMs derivatives in ethanol is described.
Methods:
Indole derivatives (2 mmol), aryl/heteroaryl aldehydes (1 mmol), and PISA (10 mol%) were
mixture in ethanol. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for the appropriate times.
After workup and separation of catalyst, the corresponding heterocyclic products were obtained
through recrystallization from hot ethanol.
Results:
The BIMs derivatives were easily obtained via Bisindolization Reaction (BIR) of two indoles
(2-methylindole and indole) with a series of aryl and heteroaryl aldehydes. The BIR was efficiently
catalyzed at room temperature using PISA as an excellent organocatalyst under optimized reaction
conditions.
Conclusion:
The reactions were implemented in simple manner and were completed within acceptable
reaction times. The expected BIM products were obtained in satisfactory yields. The catalyst can be
recovered and reused several times in the template reaction. This approach provides the benefits of
convenience, simple operational procedure, no use of hazardous organic solvents, cheapness and ease
of preparation of catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Banari
- School of Chemistry, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Hamzeh Kiyani
- School of Chemistry, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran
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Singh A, Kaur G, Banerjee B. Recent Developments on the Synthesis of Biologically Significant bis/tris(indolyl)methanes under Various Reaction Conditions: A Review. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824666200228092752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bis(indolyl)methane skeleton is the main building block of many naturally occurring bioactive compounds. Bis(indolyl)methanes are found to possess a wide range of pharmaceuitical efficacies. These important scaffolds are being used as anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative agents. In this review, we summarized the latest developments on the synthesis of various bis/tris(indolyl)methane derivatives from the reactions of two equivalents of indoles and one equivalent of aldehydes or indole-3-carbaldehydes under various reaction conditions. More than hundred different catalysts were employed for these transformations which include various metal catalysts, ionic liquids, organocatalysts, surfactants, homogeneous, heterogeneous catalysts etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indus International University, Village and Post Office Bathu, District Una, Himachal Pradesh, 174301, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Indus International University, Village and Post Office Bathu, District Una, Himachal Pradesh, 174301, India
| | - Bubun Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indus International University, Village and Post Office Bathu, District Una, Himachal Pradesh, 174301, India
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Singh A, Kaur G, Kaur A, Gupta VK, Banerjee B. A General Method for the Synthesis of 3,3-bis(indol-3-yl)indolin-2-ones, bis(indol-3-yl)(aryl)methanes and tris(indol-3-yl)methanes Using Naturally Occurring Mandelic Acid as an Efficient Organo-catalyst in Aqueous Ethanol at Room Temperature. CURRENT GREEN CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/2213346107666200228125715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple, facile, straightforward and environmentally benign protocol has been developed for the efficient synthesis of pharmaceutically interesting 3,3-bis(indol-3-yl)indolin-2-ones, bis(indol- 3-yl)(aryl)methanes and tris(indol-3-yl)methanes using a catalytic amount of mandelic acid as an efficient, naturally occurring, low-cost, commercially available organo-catalyst in aqueous ethanol at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indus International University, V.P.O. Bathu, Distt. Una, Himachal Pradesh-174301, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Indus International University, V.P.O. Bathu, Distt. Una, Himachal Pradesh-174301, India
| | - Amninder Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Indus International University, V.P.O. Bathu, Distt. Una, Himachal Pradesh-174301, India
| | - Vivek K. Gupta
- Post-Graduate Department of Physics, University of Jammu, Jammu Tawi-180006, India
| | - Bubun Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indus International University, V.P.O. Bathu, Distt. Una, Himachal Pradesh-174301, India
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9
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Soltani S, Montazeri N, Zeydi MM, Heravi MM. Synthesis of New Bis(Indolyl)Methanes Catalyzed by Benzylsulfamic Acid and Evaluation of Their Antimicrobial Activities. Pharm Chem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-020-02103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Kalhor P, Ghandi K. Deep Eutectic Solvents for Pretreatment, Extraction, and Catalysis of Biomass and Food Waste. Molecules 2019; 24:E4012. [PMID: 31698717 PMCID: PMC6891572 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Valorization of lignocellulosic biomass and food residues to obtain valuable chemicals is essential to the establishment of a sustainable and biobased economy in the modern world. The latest and greenest generation of ionic liquids (ILs) are deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs); these have shown great promise for various applications and have attracted considerable attention from researchers who seek versatile solvents with pretreatment, extraction, and catalysis capabilities in biomass- and biowaste-to-bioenergy conversion processes. The present work aimed to review the use of DESs and NADESs in the valorization of biomass and biowaste as pretreatment or extraction solvents or catalysis agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Kalhor
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Khashayar Ghandi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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11
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Natural deep eutectic solvents in the hetero-Diels–Alder approach to bis(indolyl)methanes. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-019-02421-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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12
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Satlewal A, Agrawal R, Bhagia S, Sangoro J, Ragauskas AJ. Natural deep eutectic solvents for lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment: Recent developments, challenges and novel opportunities. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:2032-2050. [PMID: 30193965 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuels and chemicals has attracted immense research and development around the world. Lowering recalcitrance of biomass in a cost-effective manner is a challenge to commercialize biomass-based technologies. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are new 'green' solvents that have a high potential for biomass processing because of their low cost, low toxicity, biodegradability, easy recycling and reuse. This article discusses the properties of DESs and recent advances in their application for lignocellulosic biomass processing. The effectiveness of DESs in hydrolyzing lignin-carbohydrate complexes, removing lignin/hemicellulose from biomass as well as their effect on biomass deconstruction, crystallinity and enzymatic digestibility have been discussed. Moreover, this review presents recent findings on the compatibility of natural DESs with enzymes and microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Satlewal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), TN 37831, USA; Department of Bioenergy, DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research and Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd, Faridabad, Haryana 121007, India
| | - Ruchi Agrawal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Department of Bioenergy, DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research and Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd, Faridabad, Haryana 121007, India
| | - Samarthya Bhagia
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Joshua Sangoro
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), TN 37831, USA; Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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13
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Bahuguna A, Kumar S, Krishnan V. Nanohybrid of ZnO-RGO as Heterogeneous Green Catalyst for the Synthesis of Medicinally Significant Indole Alkaloids and Their Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Bahuguna
- School of Basic Sciences and Advanced Materials Research Center; Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand; Mandi 175005, Himachal Pradesh India
| | - Suneel Kumar
- School of Basic Sciences and Advanced Materials Research Center; Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand; Mandi 175005, Himachal Pradesh India
| | - Venkata Krishnan
- School of Basic Sciences and Advanced Materials Research Center; Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand; Mandi 175005, Himachal Pradesh India
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14
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PEG1000-Based Dicationic Acidic Ionic Liquid/Solvent-Free Conditions: An Efficient Catalytic System for the Synthesis of Bis(Indolyl)methanes. Catalysts 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/catal7100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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15
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Banari H, Kiyani H, Pourali A. Efficient synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes, bispyrazoles and biscoumarins using 4-sulfophthalic acid. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-016-2720-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Azizi N, Edrisi M. Biodegradable choline hydroxide promoted environmentally benign thiolysis of epoxides. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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17
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Alonso DA, Baeza A, Chinchilla R, Guillena G, Pastor IM, Ramón DJ. Deep Eutectic Solvents: The Organic Reaction Medium of the Century. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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18
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Shaabani A, Hooshmand SE. Choline chloride/urea as a deep eutectic solvent/organocatalyst promoted three-component synthesis of 3-aminoimidazo-fused heterocycles via Groebke–Blackburn–Bienayme process. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Sarva S, Harinath JS, Sthanikam SP, Ethiraj S, Vaithiyalingam M, Cirandur SR. Synthesis, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity of bis(indolyl)methanes. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Passerini three-component cascade reactions in deep eutectic solvent: an environmentally benign and rapid system for the synthesis of α-acyloxyamides. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-015-2390-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Lamb AC, Federico-Perez RA, Xue ZL. Product in indole detection by Ehrlich's reagent. Anal Biochem 2015; 484:21-3. [PMID: 25958008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ehrlich's reagent (p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde [DMAB, 1] in 95% EtOH with HCl as catalyst) was employed in spot tests of indoles, providing a diagnosis of, for example, liver diseases, hemolytic processes, occlusion of the common bile duct, and carcinoid syndrome. Although the reagent has been widely used for more than a century, it is not clear how many indole molecules react with a DMAB molecule and whether the reaction takes place at the α- or β-position of the indole molecule. Research here shows that the reaction of DMAB (1) with indole (2) in a 1:2 ratio gives β-bis(indolyl)methane (3). The reaction occurs at the β-position of indole under the conditions of the Ehrlich test, as confirmed by the crystal structure of 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Lamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | | | - Zi-Ling Xue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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22
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Kumar A, Shukla RD, Yadav D, Gupta LP. Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indoles in deep eutectic solvent. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra08038j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of DES as a solvent and a working catalyst for Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indoles with isatin/homocyclic carbonyl compounds has been developed. The salient features of the present protocol are product selectivity and reusability of reaction media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Kumar
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI)
- Lucknow
- India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Ratnakar Dutt Shukla
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI)
- Lucknow
- India
| | - Dhiraj Yadav
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research
- ITI Campus
- Raebareli
- India
| | - Lalit Prakash Gupta
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI)
- Lucknow
- India
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23
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Rokade SM, Garande AM, Ahmad NAA, Bhate PM. Acid- and metal-free synthesis of annulated pyrroles in a deep eutectic solvent. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra14379e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One-pot, three component synthesis of annulated pyrroles in recyclable and readily available deep eutectic-solvent (DES).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil M. Rokade
- Department of Dyestuff Technology
- Institute of Chemical Technology (formerly UDCT)
- Mumbai-400 019
- India
| | - Ashok M. Garande
- Department of Dyestuff Technology
- Institute of Chemical Technology (formerly UDCT)
- Mumbai-400 019
- India
| | - Nazim A. A. Ahmad
- Department of Dyestuff Technology
- Institute of Chemical Technology (formerly UDCT)
- Mumbai-400 019
- India
| | - Prakash M. Bhate
- Department of Dyestuff Technology
- Institute of Chemical Technology (formerly UDCT)
- Mumbai-400 019
- India
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24
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Liu P, Hao JW, Mo LP, Zhang ZH. Recent advances in the application of deep eutectic solvents as sustainable media as well as catalysts in organic reactions. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05746a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the recent advances using deep eutectic solvents (DESs), deep eutectic ionic liquids (DEILs), low-melting mixtures (LMMs) or low transition temperature mixtures (LTTMs) as green media as well as catalysts in organic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science
- Hebei Normal University
- Shijiazhuang 050024
- P. R. China
| | - Jian-Wu Hao
- College of Chemistry and Material Science
- Hebei Normal University
- Shijiazhuang 050024
- P. R. China
| | - Li-Ping Mo
- College of Chemistry and Material Science
- Hebei Normal University
- Shijiazhuang 050024
- P. R. China
| | - Zhan-Hui Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science
- Hebei Normal University
- Shijiazhuang 050024
- P. R. China
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