1
|
Bauer AK, Conrad J, Beifuss U. Efficient approach to 1,1'-bisindoles via copper(I)-catalyzed double domino reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8003-8019. [PMID: 37767762 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01231j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
A highly efficient copper(I)-catalyzed approach for the synthesis of 1,1'-bisindoles that is based on the formation of four bonds in one step has been developed. The unprecedented three component reaction between one molecule of a 1,2-bis(2-bromoaryl)hydrazine and two molecules of a 1,3-diketone employing 10 mol% CuI as a catalyst and Cs2CO3 as a base in DMSO at 100 °C for 24 h delivers substituted 1,1'-bisindoles with yields up to 92%. The new method proceeds as a double domino condensation/Ullmann type C-C coupling. It allows an efficient and practical access to substituted 1,1'-bisindoles in one step from easily available starting materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Bauer
- Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Conrad
- Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Uwe Beifuss
- Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wei Z, Jing X, Yang Y, Yuan J, Liu M, He C, Duan C. A Platinum(II)-Based Molecular Cage with Aggregation-Induced Emission for Enzymatic Photocyclization of Alkynylaniline. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214577. [PMID: 36342165 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes facilitate chemical conversions through the collective activity of aggregated components, but the marriage of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) with molecular containers to emulate enzymatic conversion remains challenging. Herein, we report a new approach to construct a PtII -based octahedral cage with AIE characteristics for the photocyclization of alkynylaniline by restricting the rotation of the pendant phenyl rings peripheral to the PtII corner. With the presence of water, the C-H⋅⋅⋅π interactions involving the triphenylphosphine fragments resulted in aggregation of the molecular cages into spherical particles and significantly enhanced the PtII -based luminescence. The kinetically inert Pt-NP chelator, with highly differentiated redox potentials in the ground and excited states, and the efficient coordination activation of the platinum corner facilitated excellent catalysis of the photocyclization of alkynylaniline. The enzymatic kinetics and the advantages of binding and activating substrates in an aqueous medium provide a new avenue to develop mimics for efficient photosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xu Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jiayou Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Mingxu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Cheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Prystupa M, Söhnel T, Sperry J. Synthesis of the 2,2′:3′,3′':2′',2′'' tetraindole framework of the alkaloid bisindigotin. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|
4
|
Festa A, Raspertov P, Voskressensky L. 2‐(Alkynyl)anilines and derivatives – versatile reagents for heterocyclic synthesis. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Festa
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li S, Wang Z, Xiao H, Bian Z, Wang JJ. Enantioselective synthesis of indole derivatives by Rh/Pd relay catalysis and their anti-inflammatory evaluation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 56:7573-7576. [PMID: 32510073 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03158e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An efficient Rh/Pd relay catalyzed intermolecular and cascade intramolecular hydroamination for the synthesis of exclusive trans 1-indolyl dihydronaphthalenols (up to 88% yield, 99% ee) is described under mild conditions. Moreover, the in silico and in vitro screening showed that the novel 1-indolyl dihydronaphthalenol products are potent lead compounds for treating inflammation disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sifeng Li
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China. and School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong.
| | - Zihao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China. and School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong.
| | - Haitao Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518066, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Bian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong.
| | - Jun Joelle Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zheng S, Zhang T, Maekawa H. Reductive 3-Silylation of Benzofuran Derivatives via Coupling Reaction with Chlorotrialkylsilane. J Org Chem 2020; 85:13965-13972. [PMID: 33044065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reductive silylation of benzofurans with an electron-withdrawing group by a magnesium metal and the subsequent oxidative rearomatization by DDQ gave the selective formation of less reported 3-silylated benzofurans in moderate to good yields under mild reaction conditions with wide substituent scope. The silyl group introduced on the five-membered ring by the reductive coupling could survive with no elimination throughout the oxidation process. The silylated heteroaromatic skeleton is useful as an intermediate in organic synthesis, and its practical utility was also demonstrated by several transformation reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suhua Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka-cho, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Tianyuan Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka-cho, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Maekawa
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka-cho, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shi Y, Wang G, Wang H, Deng B, Gao T, Wang J, Guo H, Wu M, Sun S. Cu-catalyzed cyclization to construct indoles from N-( ortho-chloromethyl)aryl carbamates and terminal alkynes via a one-pot reaction. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj01981j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this reaction, a new strategy for the synthesis of indoles from N-(ortho-chloromethyl)aryl carbamates and terminal alkynes via Cu-catalyzed coupling–cyclization has been developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials
- Non-power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology
- Hubei University of Science and Technology
- Xianning 437100
| | - Gangqiang Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials
- Non-power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology
- Hubei University of Science and Technology
- Xianning 437100
| | - Hang Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials
- Non-power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology
- Hubei University of Science and Technology
- Xianning 437100
| | - Bin Deng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials
- Non-power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology
- Hubei University of Science and Technology
- Xianning 437100
| | - Tao Gao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials
- Non-power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology
- Hubei University of Science and Technology
- Xianning 437100
| | - Jian Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials
- Non-power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology
- Hubei University of Science and Technology
- Xianning 437100
| | - Haibing Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials
- Non-power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology
- Hubei University of Science and Technology
- Xianning 437100
| | - Minghu Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials
- Non-power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology
- Hubei University of Science and Technology
- Xianning 437100
| | - Shaofa Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials
- Non-power Nuclear Technology Collaborative Innovation Center
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology
- Hubei University of Science and Technology
- Xianning 437100
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Neto JSS, Zeni G. Recent advances in the synthesis of indoles from alkynes and nitrogen sources. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo01315f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights ten years of success in the synthesis of indoles using alkynes and nitrogen sources as substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Sebastião Santos Neto
- Laboratório de Síntese
- Reatividade
- Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios CCNE
- UFSM
- Santa Maria
| | - Gilson Zeni
- Laboratório de Síntese
- Reatividade
- Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios CCNE
- UFSM
- Santa Maria
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rong MG, Qin TZ, Zi W. Rhenium-Catalyzed Intramolecular Carboalkoxylation and Carboamination of Alkynes for the Synthesis of C3-Substituted Benzofurans and Indoles. Org Lett 2019; 21:5421-5425. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Guang Rong
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tian-Zhu Qin
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Weiwei Zi
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
An efficient synthesis of indoles via a CuMgAl-LDH-catalyzed cyclization of 2-alkynylsulfonanilides. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
11
|
Ogunlana AA, Zou J, Bao X. Computational insights into the mechanisms of Ru-catalyzed cycloisomerization of 2-ethynylaniline and 2-(2-propynyl)tosylanilide: The role of pyridine in assisting the metal-vinylidene formation. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
12
|
Chaisan N, Kaewsri W, Thongsornkleeb C, Tummatorn J, Ruchirawat S. PtCl4-catalyzed cyclization of N-acetyl-2-alkynylanilines: A mild and efficient synthesis of N-acetyl-2-substituted indoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
13
|
|
14
|
Ganesan B, Senadi GC, Guo BC, Hung MY, Lin WY. A copper(ii)-catalyzed annulative formylation of o-alkynylanilines with DMF: a single-step strategy for 3-formyl indoles. RSC Adv 2018; 8:40968-40973. [PMID: 35557929 PMCID: PMC9092273 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09214a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a copper(ii)-catalyzed reaction of o-alkynylanilines with dimethylformamide (DMF) in the presence of oxygen has been developed for synthesizing multisubstituted 3-formyl indole scaffolds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Ganesan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry
- Kaohsiung Medical University
- Kaohsiung 807
- Taiwan
| | - Gopal Chandru Senadi
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry
- Kaohsiung Medical University
- Kaohsiung 807
- Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Bing-Chun Guo
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry
- Kaohsiung Medical University
- Kaohsiung 807
- Taiwan
| | - Min-Yuan Hung
- Center for Research Resources and Development
- Kaohsiung Medical University
- Kaohsiung 807
- Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Lin
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry
- Kaohsiung Medical University
- Kaohsiung 807
- Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Watanabe T, Mutoh Y, Saito S. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of 2-Alkynylanilides: Synthesis of 3-Substituted Indoles by 1,2-Carbon Migration. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7749-7752. [PMID: 28539042 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We developed ruthenium-catalyzed cycloisomerization of alkynylanilides that gave 3-substituted indoles in high yields. The reaction proceeded via the disubstituted vinylidene ruthenium complex that was formed by the 1,2-carbon migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science , Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Mutoh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science , Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Shinichi Saito
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science , Kagurazaka, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fu W, Yang K, Chen J, Song Q. Gold(i)-catalyzed synthesis of 2-substituted indoles from 2-alkynylnitroarenes with diboron as reductant. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:8354-8360. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01918a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An efficient method for the synthesis of 2-substituted indoles via a diboron/base promoted tandem reductive cyclization of o-alkynylnitroarene under Au catalysis conditions has been disclosed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Fu
- Institute of Next Generation Matter Transformation
- College of Chemical Engineering & College of Material Sciences Engineering at Huaqiao University
- Xiamen
- P. R. China
| | - Kai Yang
- Institute of Next Generation Matter Transformation
- College of Chemical Engineering & College of Material Sciences Engineering at Huaqiao University
- Xiamen
- P. R. China
| | | | - Qiuling Song
- Institute of Next Generation Matter Transformation
- College of Chemical Engineering & College of Material Sciences Engineering at Huaqiao University
- Xiamen
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ansari NH, Dacko CA, Akhmedov NG, Söderberg BCG. Double Palladium Catalyzed Reductive Cyclizations. Synthesis of 2,2'-, 2,3'-, and 3,3'-Bi-1H-indoles, Indolo[3,2-b]indoles, and Indolo[2,3-b]indoles. J Org Chem 2016; 81:9337-9349. [PMID: 27641321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A palladium catalyzed, carbon monoxide mediated, double reductive cyclization of 1,4-, 1,3-, and 2,3-bis(2-nitroaryl)-1,3-butadienes to afford 2,2'-, 2,3'-, and 3,3'-biindoles, respectively, was developed. In contrast, reductive cyclizations of 1,2-bis(2-nitroaryl)ethenes were nonselective, affording mixtures of monocyclized indoles, indolo[3,2-b]indole, indolo[1,2-c]quinazolin-6(5H)-ones, and 5,11-dihydro-6H-indolo[3,2-c]quinolin-6-ones. Nonselective product formation was also observed from reductive cyclization of 1,1-bis(2-nitroaryl)ethenes, producing indolo[2,3-b]indoles and indolo[2,3-c]quinolin-6-ones. Carbon monoxide insertion to give the carbonyl containing products was the major or sole reaction path starting from 1,1- or 1,2-bis(2-nitroaryl)ethenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurul H Ansari
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6045, United States
| | - Christopher A Dacko
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6045, United States
| | - Novruz G Akhmedov
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6045, United States
| | - Björn C G Söderberg
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6045, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sueda T, Okamoto N, Yanada R. Copper-Catalyzed Tandem Decyclization-Cyclization Reaction of N-Alkynyl-3-hydroxyisoindolin-1-ones Generated from N-Alkynyl Phthalimides: Selective Synthesis of ortho-(2-Oxazolyl)phenyl Ketones. J Org Chem 2016; 81:5745-51. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Sueda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Noriko Okamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Reiko Yanada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Le J, Gao Y, Ding Y, Jiang C. Cu-mediated C2-dehydrogenative homocoupling of indoles via C–H activation assisted by a removable N-pyrimidyl group. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
20
|
Zhu Z, Chen K, Xu Q, Shi M. A One-Pot Approach to Phenanthridine Derivatives through Two-Step Rhodium(I) and Gold(I) Catalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
21
|
Kumaran E, Leong WK. [Cp*RhCl2]2-Catalyzed Alkyne Hydroamination to 1,2-Dihydroquinolines. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/om501253v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elumalai Kumaran
- Division of Chemistry and
Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang
Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Weng Kee Leong
- Division of Chemistry and
Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang
Link, Singapore 637371
| |
Collapse
|