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Cortés-Villena A, Soriano-Díaz I, Domínguez M, Vidal M, Rojas P, Aliaga C, Giussani A, Doménech-Carbó A, Ortí E, Galian RE, Pérez-Prieto J. Governing the emissive properties of 4-aminobiphenyl-2-pyrimidine push-pull systems via the restricted torsion of N,N-disubstituted amino groups. Front Chem 2023; 11:1292541. [PMID: 38025083 PMCID: PMC10667708 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1292541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Donor-acceptor-substituted biphenyl derivatives are particularly interesting model compounds, which exhibit intramolecular charge transfer because of the extent of charge transfer between both substituents. The connection of a 4-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl-2-pyrimidinyl) moiety to differently disubstituted amino groups at the biphenyl terminal can offer push-pull compounds with distinctive photophysical properties. Herein, we report a comprehensive study of the influence of the torsion angle of the disubstituted amino group on the emissive properties of two pull-push systems: 4-[4-(4-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)phenyl]-2,6-diphenylpyrimidine (D1) and 4-[4-(4-N,N-diphenylaminophenyl)phenyl]-2,6-diphenylpyrimidine (D2). The torsion angle of the disubstituted amino group, either N,N-dimethyl-amine or N,N-diphenyl-amine, at the biphenyl end governs their emissive properties. A drastic fluorescence quenching occurs in D1 as the solvent polarity increases, whereas D2 maintains its emission independently of the solvent polarity. Theoretical calculations on D1 support the presence of a twisted geometry for the lowest energy, charge-transfer excited state (S1,90), which corresponds to the minimum energy structure in polar solvents and presents a small energy barrier to move from the excited to the ground state, thereby favoring the non-radiative pathway and reducing the fluorescence efficiency. In contrast, this twisted structure is absent in D2 due to the steric hindrance of the phenyl groups attached to the amine group, making the non-radiative decay less favorable. Our findings provide insights into the crucial role of the substituent in the donor moiety of donor-acceptor systems on both the singlet excited state and the intramolecular charge-transfer process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iván Soriano-Díaz
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Moisés Domínguez
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Matías Vidal
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Rojas
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Aliaga
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y la Nanotecnología (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Angelo Giussani
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Enrique Ortí
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel E. Galian
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Julia Pérez-Prieto
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Chen ZE, Zang XF, Yang M, Zhang H. A simple indolo[2,3-a]carbazole based colorimetric chemosensor for simultaneous detection of Cu 2+ and Fe 3+ ions. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 234:118236. [PMID: 32179460 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A new indolo[2,3-a]carbazole based colorimetric chemosensor C1 was designed and synthesized. The optical properties of C1 were investigated by UV-vis spectroscopy, UV-vis titrations, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The HOMO and LUMO values of C1 were obtained using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The results indicate that C1 has specific selectivity and high sensitivity for detection of Cu2+ and Fe3+ ions compared with metal ions (K+, Na+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Hg2+, Ag+, Co2+, Cr2+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Ba2+). The presence of Cu2+ ions leads to visible color change from yellow to colorless in an aqueous-acetonitrile solution, especially. Moreover, the detection limit for the analysis of Cu2+ and Fe3+ ions is found to be as low as 2.93 × 10-7 M and 4.10 × 10-7 M, respectively. Therefore, C1 should have potential applications as a practical colorimetric chemosensor for simultaneous detection of Cu2+ and Fe3+ in the environment and biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-E Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zunyi Normal College, Zunyi 563006, China.
| | - Xu-Feng Zang
- Department of Applied Physics, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Mei Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zunyi Normal College, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Hai Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zunyi Normal College, Zunyi 563006, China.
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Janosik T, Rannug A, Rannug U, Wahlström N, Slätt J, Bergman J. Chemistry and Properties of Indolocarbazoles. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9058-9128. [PMID: 30191712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The indolocarbazoles are an important class of nitrogen heterocycles which has evolved significantly in recent years, with numerous studies focusing on their diverse biological effects, or targeting new materials with potential applications in organic electronics. This review aims at providing a broad survey of the chemistry and properties of indolocarbazoles from an interdisciplinary point of view, with particular emphasis on practical synthetic aspects, as well as certain topics which have not been previously accounted for in detail, such as the occurrence, formation, biological activities, and metabolism of indolo[3,2- b]carbazoles. The literature of the past decade forms the basis of the text, which is further supplemented with older key references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Janosik
- Research Institutes of Sweden , Bioscience and Materials, RISE Surface, Process and Formulation , SE-151 36 Södertälje , Sweden
| | - Agneta Rannug
- Institute of Environmental Medicine , Karolinska Institutet , SE-171 77 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Ulf Rannug
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute , Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | | | - Johnny Slätt
- Department of Chemistry, Applied Physical Chemistry , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Jan Bergman
- Karolinska Institutet , Department of Biosciences and Nutrition , SE-141 83 Huddinge , Sweden
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Konidena RK, Thomas KRJ, Pathak A, Dubey DK, Sahoo S, Jou JH. Tuning the Photophysical and Electroluminescence Properties in Asymmetrically Tetrasubstituted Bipolar Carbazoles by Functional Group Disposition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:24013-24027. [PMID: 29931980 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b04566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbazoles decorated with both donor and acceptor fragments offer a classical way to optimize bipolar functional properties. In this work, a series of carbazoles featuring triphenylamine donors and cyano acceptors are synthesized and their structure-property relationship is studied. The effects of connectivity and the chromophore number density on photophysical and electroluminescence properties are investigated. The position of the triphenylamine donor on the 3,6-dicyanocarbazole nucleus significantly affected the photophysical and electroluminescence properties. The dye possessing triphenylamine on C2 and C7 displayed a red shift in absorption when compared with the structural analogue with triphenylamine tethered to C1 and C8. The emission wavelength of the dyes are tunable from blue to green, by altering the position of triphenylamine and cyano substituents. All of the dyes exhibited positive solvatochromism in emission, attributable to the photoinduced intramolecular charge transfer from the triphenylamine donor to the cyano acceptor. However, the extent of charge transfer and hybridization of local and charge-transfer-excited states is highly dependent on the position of triphenylamine and cyano groups on the carbazole nucleus. Dyes containing cyano substituents at C2 and C7 showed a prolonged excited state lifetime, broad emission, and large Stokes shifts, indicating the presence of a higher charge transfer component in the excited state. The dyes displayed exceptional thermal stability with the onset decomposition temperature (10% weight loss) > 350 °C. Electrochemical measurements revealed low oxidation potential for dyes containing triphenylamine at C3 and/or C6. Addition of a cyano acceptor on carbazole led to the stabilization of lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. Furthermore, the materials were tested as emitting dopants in solution-processable multilayer organic light emitting diodes and found to display deep-blue/sky-blue electroluminescence with external quantum efficiency as high as 6.5% for a deep-blue emitter (CIE y ∼ 0.06).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Kumar Konidena
- Organic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , Roorkee 247 667 , India
| | - K R Justin Thomas
- Organic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , Roorkee 247 667 , India
| | - Ambika Pathak
- Organic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee , Roorkee 247 667 , India
| | - Deepak Kumar Dubey
- Department of Material Science and Engineering , National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013 , Taiwan
| | - Snehasis Sahoo
- Department of Material Science and Engineering , National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013 , Taiwan
| | - Jwo-Huei Jou
- Department of Material Science and Engineering , National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013 , Taiwan
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Huang X, Tian J, Xu F, Liu X, Li Y, Guo Y, Chu W, Sun Z. Novel π-conjugated molecules based on diimidazopyridine: Significantly improved the photophysical, thermal and electrochemical properties bearing different aryl substituents. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Synthesis and thermal, electrochemical, photophysical properties of novel symmetric/asymmetric indolo[2,3-a]carbazole derivatives bearing different aryl substituents. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Ates M, Uludag N. Carbazole derivative synthesis and their electropolymerization. J Solid State Electrochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-016-3269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Sathiyan G, Sivakumar E, Ganesamoorthy R, Thangamuthu R, Sakthivel P. Review of carbazole based conjugated molecules for highly efficient organic solar cell application. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Konidena RK, Thomas KRJ, Kumar S, Wang YC, Li CJ, Jou JH. Phenothiazine Decorated Carbazoles: Effect of Substitution Pattern on the Optical and Electroluminescent Characteristics. J Org Chem 2015; 80:5812-23. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Kumar Konidena
- Organic
Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247 667, India
| | - K. R. Justin Thomas
- Organic
Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247 667, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Department
of Material Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chi Wang
- Department
of Material Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Ju Li
- Department
of Material Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Jwo-Huei Jou
- Department
of Material Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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