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Fan M, Zou L, Tian K, Chen G, Cheng K, Li Y. Chemistry, bioactivity, biosynthesis, and total synthesis of stemmadenine alkaloids. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1022-1044. [PMID: 36728407 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00052k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to July 2022Stemmadenine alkaloids are a restrictive sub-group of monoterpene indole alkaloids, represented by two congeners: stemmadenine and vallesamine. Their skeleton is defined by the cleavage of the C-3-C-7 bond of the Strychnos group's pentacyclic scaffold in monoterpene indole alkaloids. The parent alkaloid stemmadenine acts as a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of several major monoterpene indole alkaloid families, including regular Strychnos alkaloids, Aspidosperma alkaloids, and Iboga alkaloids. In this review, a complete coverage of the stemmadenine alkaloids, from the early reports till the present day at 2022, are presented, and their diverse biological activities are briefly described. Moreover, the biosynthetic proposal for stemmadenine and the proposed biogenetic conversion of stemmadenine-type alkaloids into vallesamine-type congeners are discussed in detail. Moreover, the successful synthetic strategies to access the strained stemmadenine scaffolds are fully reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Fan
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liangbang Zou
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kaidi Tian
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guoqing Chen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kai Cheng
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong Li
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, People's Republic of China.
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Edinoff AN, Patel AS, Baker MW, Lawson J, Wolcott C, Cornett EM, Sadegi K, Kaye AM, Kaye AD. Conolidine: A Novel Plant Extract for Chronic Pain. Anesth Pain Med 2021; 11:e121438. [PMID: 35291410 PMCID: PMC8908788 DOI: 10.5812/aapm.121438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain, the most common symptom reported among patients in the primary care setting, is complex to manage. Opioids are among the most potent analgesics agents for managing pain. Since the mid-1990s, the number of opioid prescriptions for the management of chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) has increased by more than 400%, and this increased availability has significantly contributed to opioid diversion, overdose, tolerance, dependence, and addiction. Despite the questionable effectiveness of opioids in managing CNCP and their high rates of side effects, the absence of available alternative medications and their clinical limitations and slower onset of action has led to an overreliance on opioids. Conolidine is an indole alkaloid derived from the bark of the tropical flowering shrub Tabernaemontana divaricate used in traditional Chinese, Ayurvedic, and Thai medicine. Conolidine could represent the beginning of a new era of chronic pain management. It is now being investigated for its effects on the atypical chemokine receptor (ACK3). In a rat model, it was found that a competitor molecule binding to ACKR3 resulted in inhibition of ACKR3's inhibitory activity, causing an overall increase in opiate receptor activity. Although the identification of conolidine as a potential novel analgesic agent provides an additional avenue to address the opioid crisis and manage CNCP, further studies are necessary to understand its mechanism of action and utility and efficacy in managing CNCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber N. Edinoff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Science Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Akash S. Patel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mitchell W. Baker
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jesse Lawson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Christopher Wolcott
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Elyse M. Cornett
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Kambiz Sadegi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Adam M. Kaye
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, USA
| | - Alan D. Kaye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
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Ohno H, Inuki S. Nonbiomimetic total synthesis of indole alkaloids using alkyne-based strategies. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3551-3568. [PMID: 33908430 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02577a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Biomimetic natural product synthesis is generally straightforward and efficient because of its established feasibility in nature and utility in comprehensive synthesis, and the cost-effectiveness of naturally derived starting materials. On the other hand, nonbiomimetic strategies can be an important option in natural product synthesis since (1) nonbiomimetic synthesis offers more flexibility and can demonstrate the originality of chemists, and (2) the structures of derivatives accessible by nonbiomimetic synthesis can be considerably different from those that are synthesised in nature. This review summarises nonbiomimetic total syntheses of indole alkaloids using alkyne chemistry for constructing core structures, including ergot alkaloids, monoterpene indole alkaloids (mainly corynanthe, aspidosperma, strychnos, and akuammiline), and pyrroloindole and related alkaloids. To clarify the differences between alkyne-based strategies and biosynthesis, the alkynes in nature and the biosyntheses of indole alkaloids are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ohno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Shinsuke Inuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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Kalshetti MG, Argade NP. The indole-based subincanadine alkaloids and their biogenetic congeners. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2020; 83:187-223. [PMID: 32098650 DOI: 10.1016/bs.alkal.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The tryptamine-derived polycyclic bridged bioactive indole alkaloids subincanadines A-G were isolated in 2002 by Ohsaki and coworkers from the bark of the Brazilian medicinal plant Aspidosperma subincanum. Kobayashi proposed that subincanadines D-F could be biosynthetically resulting from stemmadenine via two different pathways and, furthermore, that the subincanadines A-C could be biogenetically resulting from subincanadines D and E. Kam and coworkers, in their focused efforts, isolated five indole alkaloids from Malaysian Kopsia arborea species, namely valparicine, apparicine, arboridinine, arborisidine, and arbornamine in combination with subincanadine E. On the basis of structural features, it has been proposed and proved in some examples that subincanadine E is a biogenetic precursor of these five different bioactive indole alkaloids bearing complex structural architectures. All important information on isolation, characterization, bioactivity, probable biogenetic pathways, and more specifically racemic and enantioselective total synthesis of subincanadine alkaloids and their biogenetic congeners are summarized in the present chapter. Special importance is given to the total synthesis and the synthetic strategies intended therein, comprising a set of main reactions.
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Takayama H. Total Syntheses of Lycopodium and Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloids Based on Biosynthesis-Inspired Strategies. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2020; 68:103-116. [PMID: 32009077 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c19-00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The merits of biogenetic considerations in the chemical syntheses of natural products have been emphasized by describing the total syntheses of Lycopodium alkaloids; lycodine, flabellidine, lycopodine, and flabelliformine, as well as monoterpenoid indole alkaloids; C-mavacurine, kopsiyunnanine K, koumine, and 11-methoxy-19R-hydroxygelselegine.
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Arita T, Asano M, Kubota K, Domon Y, Machinaga N, Shimada K. Discovery of a novel bicyclic compound, DS54360155, as an orally potent analgesic without mu-opioid receptor agonist activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126748. [PMID: 31676224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized derivatives of a natural alkaloid, conolidine, and evaluated these derivatives in the acetic acid-induced writhing test and formalin test in ddY mice after oral administration. As a result, we identified (5S)-6-methyl-1,3,4,5,6,8-hexahydro-7H-2,5-methano[1,5]diazonino[7,8-b]indol-7-one sulfate salt, 15a (DS54360155), with a unique and original bicyclic skeleton, as an analgesic more potent than conolidine. Moreover, 15a did not exhibit mu-opioid receptor agonist activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Arita
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan.
| | - Masayoshi Asano
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Kubota
- Specialty Medicine Research Laboratories I, R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Yuki Domon
- Specialty Medicine Research Laboratories I, R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Nobuo Machinaga
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Kousei Shimada
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
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Chen G, Wang C, Zou L, Zhu J, Li Y, Qi C. Six-Step Total Synthesis of (±)-Conolidine. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:2972-2978. [PMID: 31686504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A concise total synthesis of (±)-conolidine, a potent nonopioid analgesic, in 19% overall yield is described here. A gold(I)-catalyzed Conia-ene reaction (Toste cyclization) and a Pictet-Spengler reaction served as key transformations for assembling the 1-azabicyclo[4.2.2]decane core and defining the geometry of the exocyclic double bond. The activation energies of formation of the vinyl-gold intermediates were calculated and revealed a silyl enol ether with an unprotected indole moiety as a suitable precursor for the Toste cyclization. This six-step synthesis did not involve any nonstrategic redox manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Chen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process , Shaoxing University , Shaoxing , 312000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process , Shaoxing University , Shaoxing , 312000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Liangbang Zou
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process , Shaoxing University , Shaoxing , 312000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahao Zhu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process , Shaoxing University , Shaoxing , 312000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Li
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process , Shaoxing University , Shaoxing , 312000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chenze Qi
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process , Shaoxing University , Shaoxing , 312000 , People's Republic of China
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Ma X, Zhang X, Xie G, Awad JM, Zhang W. One-pot diastereoselective synthesis of tetrahydroepimino-benzo[b]azocines through sequential [3+2]-cycloaddition and Staudinger-aza-Wittig reactions. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.151127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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Arita T, Asano M, Kubota K, Domon Y, Machinaga N, Shimada K. Discovery of conolidine derivative DS39201083 as a potent novel analgesic without mu opioid agonist activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1938-1942. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Kitajima M, Yamaguchi Y, Yanagisawa T, Kogure N, Ogata J, Kikura-Hanajiri R, Takayama H. Biphenyl quinolizidine lactone alkaloids from “sinicuichi” (Heimia salicifolia). Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Kalshetti MG, Argade NP. Progress in total synthesis of subincanadine alkaloids and their congeners. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:745-761. [PMID: 30574985 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02565g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A concise account of isolation, characterization, bioactivity, plausible biogenetic pathways, and most importantly, total synthesis of structurally fascinating and biologically imperious indole-based subincanadine alkaloids and their biogenetic congeners are described in the present review with special emphasis on total synthesis and therein an involved set of key reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manojkumar G Kalshetti
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR), Pune 411 008, India.
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12
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Kitajima M, Yanagisawa T, Tsukahara M, Yamaguchi Y, Kogure N, Kikura-Hanajiri R, Goda Y, Iida O, Sugimura Y, Kawahara N, Takayama H. Biphenyl ether and biphenyl quinolizidine lactone alkaloids from Heimia salicifolia. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Tooriyama S, Mimori Y, Wu Y, Kogure N, Kitajima M, Takayama H. Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Pentacyclic Indole Alkaloid Andranginine and Absolute Configuration of Natural Product Isolated from Kopsia arborea. Org Lett 2017; 19:2722-2725. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shino Tooriyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yuji Mimori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yuqiu Wu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kogure
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Mariko Kitajima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Takayama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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15
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Kitajima M, Nakazawa M, Wu Y, Kogure N, Zhang RP, Takayama H. Kopsiyunnanines L and M, Strychnos-related monoterpenoid indole alkaloids from Yunnan Kopsia arborea. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.08.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Tokuda R, Okamoto Y, Koyama T, Kogure N, Kitajima M, Takayama H. Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Kopsiyunnanine K, a Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloid with a Rearranged Skeleton. Org Lett 2016; 18:3490-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Tokuda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Okamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Koyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kogure
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Mariko Kitajima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Takayama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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Synthesis and stereochemical determination of an antiparasitic pseudo-aminal type monoterpene indole alkaloid. J Nat Med 2016; 70:302-17. [PMID: 27324906 PMCID: PMC4935745 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-016-1012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
5-Nor stemmadenine alkaloids, isolated from the genus Tabernaemontana, display a range of bioactivity. 16-Hydroxy-16,22-dihydroapparicine, the active component of an extract from the Tabernaemontana sp. (dichotoma, elegans, and divaricate), exhibited potent antimalarial activity, representing the first such report of the antimalarial property of 5-nor stemmadenine alkaloids. We, therefore, decided to attempt the total synthesis of the compound to explore its antimalarial activity and investigate structure and bioactivity relationships. As a result, we completed the first total synthesis of 16-hydroxy-16,22-dihydroapparicine, by combining a phosphine-mediated cascade reaction, diastereoselective nucleophilic addition of 2-acylindole or methylketone via a Felkin-Anh transition state, and chirality transferring intramolecular Michael addition. We also clarified the absolute stereochemistries of the compound. Furthermore, we evaluated the activity of the synthetic compound, as well as that of some intermediates, all of which showed weak activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum (K1 strain) malaria parasites.
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Naoe S, Yoshida Y, Oishi S, Fujii N, Ohno H. Total Synthesis of (+)-Conolidine by the Gold(I)-Catalyzed Cascade Cyclization of a Conjugated Enyne. J Org Chem 2016; 81:5690-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saori Naoe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoshida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinya Oishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Fujii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ohno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Kitajima M, Watanabe K, Maeda H, Kogure N, Takayama H. Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Sarpagine-Related Indole Alkaloids Hydroxygardnerine, Hydroxygardnutine, Gardnerine, (E)-16-epi-Normacusine B, and Koumine. Org Lett 2016; 18:1912-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Kitajima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Keisuke Watanabe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Maeda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Kogure
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Takayama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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