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Lv X, Li C, Guo MM, Hong W, Chen LC, Zhang QC, Chen ZN. Hydroxyl Group as the 'Bridge' to Enhance the Single-Molecule Conductance by Hyperconjugation. Molecules 2024; 29:2440. [PMID: 38893316 PMCID: PMC11173964 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
For designing single-molecule devices that have both conjugation systems and structural flexibility, a hyperconjugated molecule with a σ-π bond interaction is considered an ideal candidate. In the investigation of conductance at the single-molecule level, since few hyperconjugation systems have been involved, the strategy of building hyperconjugation systems and the mechanism of electron transport within this system remain unexplored. Based on the skipped-conjugated structure, we present a rational approach to construct a hyperconjugation molecule using a hydroxyl group, which serves as a bridge to interact with the conjugated fragments. The measurement of single-molecule conductance reveals a two-fold conductance enhancement of the hyperconjugation system having the 'bridging' hydroxyl group compared to hydroxyl-free derivatives. Theoretical studies demonstrate that the hydroxyl group in the hyperconjugation system connects the LUMO of the two conjugated fragments and opens a through-space channel for electron transport to enhance the conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (C.L.); (M.-M.G.); (Z.-N.C.)
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chang Li
- Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (C.L.); (M.-M.G.); (Z.-N.C.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meng-Meng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (C.L.); (M.-M.G.); (Z.-N.C.)
| | - Wenjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China;
| | - Li-Chuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China;
| | - Qian-Chong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (C.L.); (M.-M.G.); (Z.-N.C.)
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Zhong-Ning Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.L.); (C.L.); (M.-M.G.); (Z.-N.C.)
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou 350108, China
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Levandowski BJ, Abularrage NS, Raines RT. Geminal Repulsion Disrupts Diels-Alder Reactions of Geminally Substituted Cyclopentadienes and 4 H-Pyrazoles. Tetrahedron 2021; 91. [PMID: 34290459 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have experimentally and computationally explored the sluggish Diels-Alder reactivities of the geminally substituted 5,5-dimethylcyclopentadiene and 5,5-dimethyl-2,3-diazacyclopentadiene (4,4-dimethyl-4H-pyrazole) scaffolds. We found that geminal dimethylation of 1,2,3,4-tetramethylcyclopentadiene to 1,2,3,4,5,5-hexamethylcyclopentadiene decreases the Diels-Alder reactivity towards maleimide by 954-fold. Quantum mechanical calculations revealed that the decreased Diels-Alder reactivities of gem-dimethyl substituted cyclopentadienes and 2,3-diazacyclopentadienes are not a consequence of unfavorable steric interactions between the diene and dienophile as reported previously, but a consequence of the increased repulsion within the gem-dimethyl group in the transition state. The findings have implications for the use of cyclopentadienes in "click" chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Levandowski
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nile S Abularrage
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ronald T Raines
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Cink RB, Zhou Y, Du L, Rahman MS, Phillips DL, Simpson MC, Seed AJ, Sampson P, Brasch NE. Mechanistic Insights into Rapid Generation of Nitroxyl from a Photocaged N-Hydroxysulfonamide Incorporating the (6-Hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)methyl Chromophore. J Org Chem 2021; 86:8056-8068. [PMID: 34107217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
HNO is a highly reactive molecule that shows promise in treating heart failure. Molecules that rapidly release HNO with precise spatial and temporal control are needed to investigate the biology of this signaling molecule. (Hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)methyl-photocaged N-hydroxysulfonamides are a new class of photoactive HNO generators. Recently, it was shown that a (6-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)methyl (6,2-HNM)-photocaged derivative of N-hydroxysulfonamide incorporating the trifluoromethanesulfonamidoxy group (1) quantitatively generates HNO. Mechanistic studies have now been carried out on this system and reveal that the ground state protonation state plays a key role in whether concerted heterolytic C-O/N-S bond cleavage to release HNO occurs versus undesired O-N bond cleavage. N-Deprotonation of 1 can be achieved by adding an aqueous buffer or a carboxylate salt to an aprotic solvent. Evidence is presented for C-O/N-S bond heterolysis occurring directly from the singlet excited state of the N-deprotonated parent molecule on the picosecond time scale, using femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy, to give a carbocation and 1NO-. This is consistent with the observation of significant fluorescence quenching when HNO is generated. The carbocation intermediate reacts rapidly with nucleophiles including water, MeOH, or even (H)NO in the absence of a molecule that reacts rapidly with (H)NO to give an oxime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth B Cink
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,The Photon Factory, School of Chemical Sciences and Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6012, New Zealand.,The Dodd-Walls Centre for Quantum and Photonic Technologies, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Lili Du
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR 99077, P. R. China
| | - Mohammad S Rahman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR 99077, P. R. China
| | - M Cather Simpson
- The Photon Factory, School of Chemical Sciences and Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6012, New Zealand.,The Dodd-Walls Centre for Quantum and Photonic Technologies, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Alexander J Seed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Paul Sampson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Nicola E Brasch
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,The Dodd-Walls Centre for Quantum and Photonic Technologies, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.,The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
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Sponza AD, Liu D, Chen EP, Shaw A, Diawara L, Chiu M. Synthesis strategies for non-symmetric, photochromic diarylethenes. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:7238-7252. [PMID: 32926036 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01556c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Diarylethenes (DAEs) represent an important class of photochromes with notable characteristics, like thermally irreversible photoisomerization and high fatigue resistance. Structural diversification of the DAE scaffold has enabled further refinement of photochromic properties and realization of new applications, ranging from advanced materials to tools for studying biological systems. In particular, methods for synthesizing non-symmetric DAE scaffolds, which are typically more challenging to synthesize than their symmetric counterparts, have grown over the past 20 years. These developments are surveyed in this review, with discussion of how access to these compounds has contributed to the improvement of photochromic properties and paved the way for exploring new applications of DAEs. First, non-symmetric DAE structures are classified and their uses and applications are overviewed. Subsequent sections discuss the main strategies that have been used to access non-symmetric DAEs with examples illustrating the impact of non-symmetric DAEs in the growing field of light-controlled molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro D Sponza
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Di Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Emily P Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Allison Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Lassana Diawara
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Melanie Chiu
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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6
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Weng T, Zhang K, Wu B, Chen X, Zou Q, Zeng T, Zhu L. Orthogonally Incorporating Dual‐Fluorescence Control into Gated Photochromism for Multifunctional Molecular Switching. Chemistry 2019; 25:15281-15287. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taoyu Weng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric PowerShanghai University of, Electric Power Shanghai 200090 China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersDepartment of Macromolecular ScienceFudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric PowerShanghai University of, Electric Power Shanghai 200090 China
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersDepartment of Macromolecular ScienceFudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Xuanying Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric PowerShanghai University of, Electric Power Shanghai 200090 China
| | - Qi Zou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric PowerShanghai University of, Electric Power Shanghai 200090 China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Engineering Materials Application and EvaluationShanghai Research Institute of Materials Shanghai 200437 China
| | - Liangliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of PolymersDepartment of Macromolecular ScienceFudan University Shanghai 200438 China
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Aiken S, Gabbutt CD, Heron BM, Rice CR, Zonidis D. Synthesis and photochromism of some mono and bis (thienyl) substituted oxathiine 2,2-dioxides. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:9578-9584. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02128k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The addition of sulfenes to substituted enaminoketones, followed by a facile Cope elimination, provides access to a novel series of photochromic dithienylethenes containing a 1,2-oxathiine 2,2-dioxide core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Aiken
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- School of Applied Sciences
- University of Huddersfield
- Huddersfield
- UK
| | - Christopher D. Gabbutt
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- School of Applied Sciences
- University of Huddersfield
- Huddersfield
- UK
| | - B. Mark Heron
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- School of Applied Sciences
- University of Huddersfield
- Huddersfield
- UK
| | - Craig R. Rice
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- School of Applied Sciences
- University of Huddersfield
- Huddersfield
- UK
| | - Dimitrios Zonidis
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- School of Applied Sciences
- University of Huddersfield
- Huddersfield
- UK
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Zhou Y, Cink RB, Fejedelem ZA, Cather Simpson M, Seed AJ, Sampson P, Brasch NE. Development of Photoactivatable Nitroxyl (HNO) Donors Incorporating the (3‐Hydroxy‐2‐naphthalenyl)methyl Phototrigger. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Kent State University 44242 Kent OH USA
| | - Ruth B. Cink
- School of Science Auckland University of Technology Private Bag 92006 1142 Auckland New Zealand
| | - Zachary A. Fejedelem
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Kent State University 44242 Kent OH USA
| | - M. Cather Simpson
- The Photon Factory School of Chemical Sciences The University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland New Zealand
| | - Alexander J. Seed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Kent State University 44242 Kent OH USA
| | - Paul Sampson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Kent State University 44242 Kent OH USA
| | - Nicola E. Brasch
- School of Science Auckland University of Technology Private Bag 92006 1142 Auckland New Zealand
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Zhou Y, Cink RB, Dassanayake RS, Seed AJ, Brasch NE, Sampson P. Rapid Photoactivated Generation of Nitroxyl (HNO) under Neutral pH Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Kent State University (KSU); Kent OH 44240 USA
| | - Ruth B. Cink
- School of Applied Sciences; Auckland University of Technology (AUT); Private Bag 92006 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Rohan S. Dassanayake
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Kent State University (KSU); Kent OH 44240 USA
| | - Alexander J. Seed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Kent State University (KSU); Kent OH 44240 USA
| | - Nicola E. Brasch
- School of Applied Sciences; Auckland University of Technology (AUT); Private Bag 92006 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Paul Sampson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Kent State University (KSU); Kent OH 44240 USA
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10
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Zhou Y, Cink RB, Dassanayake RS, Seed AJ, Brasch NE, Sampson P. Rapid Photoactivated Generation of Nitroxyl (HNO) under Neutral pH Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:13229-13232. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Kent State University (KSU); Kent OH 44240 USA
| | - Ruth B. Cink
- School of Applied Sciences; Auckland University of Technology (AUT); Private Bag 92006 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Rohan S. Dassanayake
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Kent State University (KSU); Kent OH 44240 USA
| | - Alexander J. Seed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Kent State University (KSU); Kent OH 44240 USA
| | - Nicola E. Brasch
- School of Applied Sciences; Auckland University of Technology (AUT); Private Bag 92006 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Paul Sampson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Kent State University (KSU); Kent OH 44240 USA
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