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Matin MM, Matin P, Rahman MR, Ben Hadda T, Almalki FA, Mahmud S, Ghoneim MM, Alruwaily M, Alshehri S. Triazoles and Their Derivatives: Chemistry, Synthesis, and Therapeutic Applications. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:864286. [PMID: 35547394 PMCID: PMC9081720 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.864286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, triazoles emerge with superior pharmacological applications. Structurally, there are two types of five-membered triazoles: 1,2,3-triazole and 1,2,4-triazole. Due to the structural characteristics, both 1,2,3- and 1,2,4-triazoles are able to accommodate a broad range of substituents (electrophiles and nucleophiles) around the core structures and pave the way for the construction of diverse novel bioactive molecules. Both the triazoles and their derivatives have significant biological properties including antimicrobial, antiviral, antitubercular, anticancer, anticonvulsant, analgesic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidepressant activities. These are also important in organocatalysis, agrochemicals, and materials science. Thus, they have a broad range of therapeutic applications with ever-widening future scope across scientific disciplines. However, adverse events such as hepatotoxicity and hormonal problems lead to a careful revision of the azole family to obtain higher efficacy with minimum side effects. This review focuses on the structural features, synthesis, and notable therapeutic applications of triazoles and related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M. Matin
- Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Chittagong, Hathajari, Chittagong, Bangladesh
- *Correspondence: Mohammed M. Matin ,
| | - Priyanka Matin
- Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Chittagong, Hathajari, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Rezaur Rahman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kuching, Malaysia
| | - Taibi Ben Hadda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal A. Almalki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shafi Mahmud
- Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Alruwaily
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Opsomer T, Dehaen W. Metal-free syntheses of N-functionalized and NH-1,2,3-triazoles: an update on recent developments. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:1568-1590. [PMID: 33491711 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06654k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An overview of the latest developments in the metal-free synthesis of non-benzo-fused N-functionalized and NH-1,2,3-triazoles is provided in this feature article. Synthetic studies that appeared from 2016 until August 2020 are organized according to a wide-ranging classification, comprising oxidative and eliminative azide-dipolarophile cycloadditions, diazo transfer reactions and N-tosylhydrazone-mediated syntheses. The newly developed methods constitute a significant contribution to the field of 1,2,3-triazole synthesis in terms of structural variation via either the exploration of novel reactions, or the exploitation of existing methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Opsomer
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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Cisterna J, Cárdenas A, Brito I. Crystal structure of 4-aminopyridinium 4-acetyl-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-5-olate monohydrate, C 14H 16N 6O 3. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2017-0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
C14H16N6O3, triclinic, space group P1̅ (no. 2), a = 7.7890(5) Å, b = 8.6069(6) Å, c = 12.4753(8) Å, α = 77.064(4)°, β = 72.754(3)°, γ = 67.148(3)°, V = 730.40(9) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0594, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1542, T = 297(2) K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cisterna
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas , Universidad de Antofagasta, Casilla 170 , Antofagasta , Chile
| | - Alejandro Cárdenas
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas , Universidad de Antofagasta, Casilla 170 , Antofagasta , Chile
| | - Iván Brito
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas , Universidad de Antofagasta, Casilla 170 , Antofagasta , Chile
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Nagesh HN, Singireddi S, Suresh A, Nizalapur S, Murugesan S, Kanneboina K, Kumar N, Sekhar KVGC. Sulfur‐Assisted Deprotection of Methylene Nitrile Group: One‐Pot Synthesis of 4‐Substituted‐2
H
‐1,2,3‐triazoles. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hunsur Nagendra Nagesh
- Department of ChemistryBirla Institute of Technology and Science-PilaniHyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Mandal, Medchal Dist. Hyderabad 500078 Telangana India
| | - Srinivasarao Singireddi
- Department of ChemistryBirla Institute of Technology and Science-PilaniHyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Mandal, Medchal Dist. Hyderabad 500078 Telangana India
| | - Amaroju Suresh
- Department of ChemistryBirla Institute of Technology and Science-PilaniHyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Mandal, Medchal Dist. Hyderabad 500078 Telangana India
| | | | - Sankaranarayanan Murugesan
- Medicinal Chemistry Research LaboratoryDepartment of PharmacyBirla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan India
| | - Kumar Kanneboina
- Department of ChemistryBirla Institute of Technology and Science-PilaniHyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Mandal, Medchal Dist. Hyderabad 500078 Telangana India
| | - Naresh Kumar
- School of ChemistryUNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Kondapalli Venkata Gowri Chandra Sekhar
- Department of ChemistryBirla Institute of Technology and Science-PilaniHyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Shameerpet Mandal, Medchal Dist. Hyderabad 500078 Telangana India
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Liu L, Ai Y, Li D, Qi L, Zhou J, Tang Z, Shao Z, Liang Q, Sun HB. Recyclable Acid-Base Bifunctional Core-Shell-Shell Nanosphere Catalyzed Synthesis of 5-Aryl-1H
-1,2,3-triazoles through the “One-Pot” Cyclization of Aldehydes, Nitromethane, and Sodium Azide. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201700401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Chemistry; Northeastern University; Shenyang 110819 P.R. China
| | - Yongjian Ai
- Department of Chemistry; Northeastern University; Shenyang 110819 P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P.R. China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Chemistry; Northeastern University; Shenyang 110819 P.R. China
| | - Li Qi
- Department of Chemistry; Northeastern University; Shenyang 110819 P.R. China
| | - Junjie Zhou
- Department of Chemistry; Northeastern University; Shenyang 110819 P.R. China
| | - Zhike Tang
- Department of Chemistry; Northeastern University; Shenyang 110819 P.R. China
| | - Zixing Shao
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P.R. China
| | - Qionglin Liang
- Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P.R. China
| | - Hong-Bin Sun
- Department of Chemistry; Northeastern University; Shenyang 110819 P.R. China
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Unprecedented cyclization of α -diazo hydrazones upon N-H functionalization: A Et 3 N base promoted one-step synthetic approach for the synthesis of N-amino-1,2,3-triazole derivatives from α -diazo hydrazone. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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