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Mayorquín-Torres MC, Simoens A, Bonneure E, Stevens CV. Synthetic Methods for Azaheterocyclic Phosphonates and Their Biological Activity: An Update 2004-2024. Chem Rev 2024; 124:7907-7975. [PMID: 38809666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The increasing importance of azaheterocyclic phosphonates in the agrochemical, synthetic, and medicinal field has provoked an intense search in the development of synthetic routes for obtaining novel members of this family of compounds. This updated review covers methodologies established since 2004, focusing on the synthesis of azaheterocyclic phosphonates, of which the phosphonate moiety is directly substituted onto to the azaheterocyclic structure. Emphasizing recent advances, this review classifies newly developed synthetic approaches according to the ring size and providing information on biological activities whenever available. Furthermore, this review summarizes information on various methods for the formation of C-P bonds, examining sustainable approaches such as the Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction, the Michaelis-Becker reaction, the Pudovik reaction, the Hirao coupling, and the Kabachnik-Fields reaction. After analyzing the biological activities and applications of azaheterocyclic phosphonates investigated in recent years, a predominant focus on the evaluation of these compounds as anticancer agents is evident. Furthermore, emerging applications underline the versatility and potential of these compounds, highlighting the need for continued research on synthetic methods to expand this interesting family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha C Mayorquín-Torres
- SynBioC Research Group, Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andreas Simoens
- SynBioC Research Group, Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eli Bonneure
- SynBioC Research Group, Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian V Stevens
- SynBioC Research Group, Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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2
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Huszár B, Mucsi Z, Keglevich G. Microwave-Assisted Palladium Acetate-Catalyzed C-P Cross-Coupling of Arylboronic Acids and >P(O)H Reagents in the Absence of the Usual Mono- and Bidentate P-Ligands: Mechanistic Insights. J Org Chem 2023; 88:11980-11991. [PMID: 37556619 PMCID: PMC10442920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
A less-studied halogen-free variation of the Hirao reaction involving the coupling of arylboronic acids with >P(O)H reagents, such as diarylphosphine oxides, diethyl phosphite, and ethyl phenyl-H-phosphinate, was investigated in detail using Pd(OAc)2 as the catalyst precursor and applying some excess of the P-reagent to supply the ligand via its trivalent tautomeric (>P-OH) form. The optimum conditions (1.2 equiv of the P-reagent, 135-150 °C, and air) were explored for the synthesis of diaryl-phenylphosphine oxides, aryl-diphenylphosphine oxides, diethyl arylphosphonates, ethyl diphenylphosphinate, and two bisphosphinoyl derivatives. In the reaction of 4-chlorophenyl- or 3-chlorophenylboronic acid with Ph2P(O)H, triphenylphosphine oxide was also formed as a byproduct. Theoretical calculations suggested that the catalytic cycle of the P-C coupling of PhB(OH)2 with Ph2P(O)H is different from that of the usual cross-coupling reactions. It comprises the addition of a phenyl anion and then the tautomeric form >P-OH of the >P(O)H reagent to the Pd2+ catalyst complex. This is then followed by reductive elimination affording Ph3PO that is accompanied with the conversion of Pd2+ to Pd0. There is a need for a subsequent stoichiometric oxidation of Pd(0) by molecular oxygen. The spontaneous formation of the self-assembling ligands around the Pd2+ center from the >P(O)H reactant plays a crucial role in the mechanism and promotes the efficiency of the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianka Huszár
- Department
of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology
and Biotechnology, Budapest University of
Technology and Economics, 1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Mucsi
- Department
of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology
and Biotechnology, Budapest University of
Technology and Economics, 1521 Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty
of Materials and Chemical Sciences, University
of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc, Hungary
| | - György Keglevich
- Department
of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology
and Biotechnology, Budapest University of
Technology and Economics, 1521 Budapest, Hungary
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Vaithegi K, Yi S, Lee JH, Varun BV, Park SB. Synthesis of substituted pyridines with diverse functional groups via the remodeling of (Aza)indole/Benzofuran skeletons. Commun Chem 2023; 6:112. [PMID: 37286709 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00914-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Substituted pyridines with diverse functional groups are important structural motifs found in numerous bioactive molecules. Several methodologies for the introduction of various bio-relevant functional groups to pyridine have been reported, but there is still a need for a single robust method allowing the selective introduction of multiple functional groups. This study reports a ring cleavage methodology reaction for the synthesis of 2-alkyl/aryl 3-electron-withdrawing groups (esters, sulfones, and phosphonates) 5-aminoaryl/phenol pyridines via the remodeling of 3-formyl (aza)indoles/benzofurans. Totally ninety-three 5-aminoaryl pyridines and thirty-three 5-phenol pyridines were synthesized showing the robustness of the developed methodology. The application of this methodology further provided a privileged pyridine scaffold containing biologically relevant molecules and direct drug/natural product conjugation with ethyl 2-methyl nicotinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Vaithegi
- CRI Center for Chemical Proteomics, Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sihyeong Yi
- CRI Center for Chemical Proteomics, Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyae Lee
- CRI Center for Chemical Proteomics, Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Begur Vasanthkumar Varun
- CRI Center for Chemical Proteomics, Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Bum Park
- CRI Center for Chemical Proteomics, Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Volkova Y, Zavarzin I. Synthesis of Phosphorus(V)-Substituted Six-Membered N-Heterocycles: Recent Progress and Challenges. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062472. [PMID: 36985443 PMCID: PMC10054050 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterocycles functionalized with pentavalent phosphorus are of great importance since they include a great variety of biologically active compounds and pharmaceuticals, advanced materials, and valuable reactive intermediates for organic synthesis. Significant progress in synthesis of P(O)R2-substituted six-membered heterocycles has been made in the past decade. This review covers the synthetic strategies towards aromatic monocyclic six-membered N-heterocycles, such as pyridines, pyridazines, pyrimidines, and pyrazines bearing phosphonates and phosphine oxides, which were reported from 2012 to 2022.
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Yang X, Sun R, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Su Z, Ge Y, Chen H, Fu H, Li R. Chichibabin‐Type Phosphonylation of 2‐(Hetero)aryl Pyridines: Selective Synthesis of 4‐Phosphinoyl Pyridines via an Activated N‐benzylpyridinium Salt. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zhishan Su
- Sichuan University - Wangjiang Campus CHINA
| | - Yicen Ge
- Chengdu University of Technology CHINA
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Karimi-Nami R, Adib M, Heydari F, Rajai-Daryasarei S, Karakaya I. Phosphorylation of 2-Aryl Quinoxaline Derivatives via C-H/P-H Cross Coupling under Transition-Metal-Free Conditions. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1983619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahman Karimi-Nami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Mehdi Adib
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Forouzan Heydari
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Idris Karakaya
- Department of Chemistry, College of Basic Sciences, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Turkey
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Doherty S, Knight JG, Tran TST, Alharbi HY, Perry DO. The Synthesis of Biarylmonophosphonates via Palladium-Catalyzed Phosphonation, Iridium-Catalyzed C-H Borylation, Palladium-Catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling. Catal Letters 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-021-03643-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The iridium-catalyzed C-H borylation of diethyl phenylphosphonate results in nonselective mono and bisborylation to afford a near statistical mixture of 3-, 3,5- and 4-boryl substituted aryl phosphonates whereas 3-substituted aryl phosphonates undergo highly regioselective C-H borylation to afford the corresponding meta-phosphonate substituted arylboronic esters as the sole product; the resulting boronic esters were used as nucleophilic reagents in a subsequent palladium-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling to generate a range of biarylmonophosphonates. Gratifyingly, the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling can be conducted without purifying the boronic ester which greatly simplifies the synthetic procedure.
Graphical Abstract
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9
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Henyecz R, Huszár B, Grenitzer V, Keglevich G. A Study on the Reactivity of Monosubstituted Benzenes in the MW-Assisted Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed Hirao Reaction with Ph2P(O)H and (EtO)2P(O)H Reagents. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999200403170827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity order of “iodobenzene > bromobenzene > phenyl trifluoromethanesulfonate”
was established in microwave (MW)-assisted Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed P–C
coupling reactions with diphenylphosphine oxide and diethyl phosphite, where the excess
of the these >P(O)H reagents served as the reducing agent, and, via its tautomeric >P-OH
form, also as the P-ligand. The P–C coupling of Ph2P(O)H with PhBr at 120 °C took place
via an induction period, during which the active “P-Pd-P” catalyst was formed from the
Pd(II) salt and the >P(O)H species. The lower reactivity of PhBr towards Ph2P(O)H could
be promoted by the addition of 20% of KI to the reaction mixture at 120 °C, or utilizing 1
equivalent of KI after a pre-reaction with PhBr at 120-150 °C followed by the P–C coupling
at 100 °C. The reactivity of PhOTf and a bromo analogue was compared in competitive couplings with
Ph2P(O)H. Beyond this, the reactivity of Ph2P(O)H and (EtO)2P(O)H towards PhOTf was evaluated in another
competitive experiment. Increasing the scale of the P–C coupling reaction of (EtO)2P(O)H with PhBr, the
quantity for the components of the catalyst could be decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka Henyecz
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bianka Huszár
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktória Grenitzer
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Keglevich
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1521 Budapest, Hungary
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Liu Z, Liu X, Luan N, Geng Y, Liang A, Li J, Zou D, Wu Y, Wu Y. Transition‐Metal‐Free Cross‐Coupling of Arylsilanes with DAST Reagent: Synthesis of Aromatic Sulfinamides. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201904464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Liu
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center Zhengzhou University Daxue Road No.75 Zhengzhou 450000 China E-mail
| | - Xinya Liu
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center Zhengzhou University Daxue Road No.75 Zhengzhou 450000 China E-mail
| | - Nannan Luan
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center Zhengzhou University Daxue Road No.75 Zhengzhou 450000 China E-mail
| | - Yang Geng
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center Zhengzhou University Daxue Road No.75 Zhengzhou 450000 China E-mail
| | - Apeng Liang
- Tetranov Biopharm LLC. And Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation Zhengzhou 450052 China
| | - Jingya Li
- Tetranov Biopharm LLC. And Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation Zhengzhou 450052 China
| | - Dapeng Zou
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center Zhengzhou University Daxue Road No.75 Zhengzhou 450000 China E-mail
| | - Yusheng Wu
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center Zhengzhou University Daxue Road No.75 Zhengzhou 450000 China E-mail
- Tetranov Biopharm LLC. And Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation Zhengzhou 450052 China
- Tetranov International Inc. 100 Jersey Avenue, Suite A340 New Brunswick NJ 08901 USA
| | - Yangjie Wu
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center Zhengzhou University Daxue Road No.75 Zhengzhou 450000 China E-mail
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Liu Z, Luan N, Lu H, Liang A, Li J, Zou D, Wu Y, Wu Y. Boron-Promoted Ether Interchange Reaction: Synthesis of Alkyl Nitroaromatic Ethers from Methoxynitroarenes. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Liu
- The College of Chemistry; Zhengzhou University; Daxue Road No.75 450000 Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Nannan Luan
- The College of Chemistry; Zhengzhou University; Daxue Road No.75 450000 Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Hongtao Lu
- The College of Chemistry; Zhengzhou University; Daxue Road No.75 450000 Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Apeng Liang
- The College of Chemistry; Zhengzhou University; Daxue Road No.75 450000 Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Jingya Li
- Tetranov Biopharm, LLC. And Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation; 450052 Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Dapeng Zou
- The College of Chemistry; Zhengzhou University; Daxue Road No.75 450000 Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Yangjie Wu
- The College of Chemistry; Zhengzhou University; Daxue Road No.75 450000 Zhengzhou Henan China
| | - Yusheng Wu
- The College of Chemistry; Zhengzhou University; Daxue Road No.75 450000 Zhengzhou Henan China
- Tetranov Biopharm, LLC. And Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation; 450052 Zhengzhou Henan China
- Tetranov International, Inc.; 08901 New Brunswick NJ USA
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12
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Henyecz R, Oroszy R, Keglevich G. Microwave-Assisted Hirao Reaction of Heteroaryl Bromides and >P(O)H Reagents Using Pd(OAc)2 as the Catalyst Precursor in the Absence of Added P-Ligands. CURR ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666190621114915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bromopyridines, bromotiophenes and 3-bromofuran were reacted with diphenylphosphine oxide or diethyl phosphite under microwave irradiation using Pd(OAc)2 as the catalyst precursor together with some excess of the >P(O)H reagent. Hence, there was no need for the usual mono- and bidentate P-ligands. The >P(O)-functionalized heterocycles were obtained in variable (55-95%) yields. The results of our “green” protocol were in most cases better than those of the literature methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka Henyecz
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rafaella Oroszy
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Keglevich
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1521 Budapest, Hungary
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13
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Henyecz R, Keglevich G. New Developments on the Hirao Reactions, Especially from "Green" Point of View. Curr Org Synth 2019; 16:523-545. [PMID: 31984929 PMCID: PMC7432197 DOI: 10.2174/1570179416666190415110834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Hirao reaction discovered ca. 35 years ago is an important P-C coupling protocol between dialkyl phosphites and aryl halides in the presence of Pd(PPh3)4 as the catalyst and a base to provide aryl phosphonates. Then, the reaction was extended to other Preagents, such as secondary phosphine oxides and H-phosphinates and to other aryl and hetaryl derivatives to afford also phosphinic esters and tertiary phosphine oxides. Instead of the Pd(PPh3)4 catalyst, Pd(OAc)2 and Ni-salts were also applied as catalyst precursors together with a number of mono- and bidentate P-ligands. OBJECTIVE In our review, we undertook to summarize the target reaction with a special stress on the developments attained in the last 6 years, hence this paper is an update of our earlier reviews in a similar topic. CONCLUSIONS "Greener" syntheses aimed at utilizing phase transfer catalytic and microwave-assisted approaches, even under "P-ligand-free. or even solvent-free conditions are the up-to date versions of the classical Hirao reaction. The mechanism of the reaction is also in the focus these days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka Henyecz
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1521Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Keglevich
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1521Budapest, Hungary
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14
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Du JY, Ma YH, Yuan RQ, Xin N, Nie SZ, Ma CL, Li CZ, Zhao CQ. Metal-Free One-Pot Synthesis of 3-Phosphinoylbenzofurans via Phospha-Michael Addition/Cyclization of H-Phosphine Oxides and in Situ Generated ortho-Quinone Methides. Org Lett 2018; 20:477-480. [PMID: 29313691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yuan Du
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Yan-Hua Ma
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Rui-Qing Yuan
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Nana Xin
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Shao-Zhen Nie
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Chun-Lin Ma
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Chen-Zhong Li
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
- Florida
International University, Biomedical Engineering Department EC2671, 10555
West Flagler Street, Miami, Florida 33174, United States
| | - Chang-Qiu Zhao
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
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15
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Yang CT, Han J, Liu J, Li Y, Zhang F, Gu M, Hu S, Wang X. Stereocontrolled C(sp3)–P bond formation with non-activated alkyl halides and tosylates. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra02766d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The current work provides a general approach for making C–P bonds with stereocontrol from chiral secondary alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Ting Yang
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Jun Han
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Yi Li
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Mei Gu
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Sheng Hu
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang
- P. R. China
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