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Chen R, Singh P, Su S, Kocalar S, Wang X, Mandava N, Venkatesan S, Ferguson A, Rao A, Le E, Rojas C, Njoo E. Benchtop 19F Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy Provides Mechanistic Insight into the Biginelli Condensation toward the Chemical Synthesis of Novel Trifluorinated Dihydro- and Tetrahydropyrimidinones as Antiproliferative Agents. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:10545-10554. [PMID: 36969393 PMCID: PMC10034998 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has enabled the monitoring and optimization of chemical transformations while simultaneously providing kinetic, mechanistic, and structural insight into reaction pathways with quantitative precision. Moreover, benchtop NMR proton lock capabilities further allow for rapid and convenient monitoring of various organic reactions in real time, as the use of deuterated solvents is not required. The complementary role of 19F NMR-based kinetic monitoring in the fluorination of bioactive compounds has many benefits in the drug discovery process since fluorinated motifs additionally improve drug pharmacology. In this study, 19F NMR spectroscopy was utilized to monitor the synthesis of novel trifluorinated analogs of monastrol, a small molecule dihydropyrimidinone kinesin-Eg5 inhibitor, and to probe the mechanism of the Biginelli cyclocondensation, a multicomponent reaction used to synthesize dihydropyrimidinone and tetrahydropyrimidinones through a Bronsted- or Lewis-acid catalyzed cyclocondensation between ethyl acetoacetate, thiourea, and an aryl aldehyde. In the present study, a trifluorinated ketoester serves a dual purpose as being the source of the trifluoromethyl group in our fluorinated dihydropyrimidinones and as a spectroscopic handle for real-time reaction monitoring and tracking of reactive intermediates by 19F NMR. Further, upon extending this workflow to a diverse array of 3- and 4-substituted aryl aldehydes, we were able to derive Hammett linear free energy relationships (LFER) to determine stereoelectronic effects of para- and meta-substituted aryl aldehydes to corresponding reaction rates and mechanistic routes. In addition, we used density functional theory (DFT) calculations to corroborate our experimental results through the thermodynamic values of key intermediates in each mechanism. Finally, these studies culminate in the synthesis of a novel trifluorinated analog of monastrol and its subsequent biological evaluation in vitro. More broadly, we show an application of benchtop 19F NMR spectroscopy as an analytical tool in the real-time investigation of a mechanistically and chemically complex multicomponent reaction mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie Chen
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
| | - Pratyush Singh
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
| | - Sarah Su
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
| | - Selin Kocalar
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
| | - Xina Wang
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
| | - Neha Mandava
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
| | - Srishti Venkatesan
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
| | - Adrienne Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
| | - Aishi Rao
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
| | - Emma Le
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
| | - Casey Rojas
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
| | - Edward Njoo
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry and Physics, Aspiring Scholars
Directed Research Program, Fremont, California 94539, United States
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Wu YH, Zhang LY, Wang NX, Xing Y. Recent advances in the rare-earth metal triflates-catalyzed organic reactions. CATALYSIS REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2020.1831758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Hua Wu
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei-Yang Zhang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nai-Xing Wang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yalan Xing
- Department of Chemistry, William Paterson University of New Jersey, New Jersey, United States
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Maheswari CS, Tamilselvi V, Ramesh R, Lalitha A. An Organocatalytic Cascade Synthesis of Diverse 1 H-Pyrazolo[1,2-b]phthalazine-2-carboxamide,1 H-Pyrazolo[1,2- b]phthalazine, 4 H-Pyrano[2,3- c]pyrazole and 4 H-Benzo[ g]chromenes via Multicomponent Reactions. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2019.1693241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rathinam Ramesh
- Department of Chemistry, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Appaswami Lalitha
- Department of Chemistry, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
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Maheswari CS, Ramesh R, Lalitha A. Antibacterial Evaluation of Some 3-Amino-1H-Pyrazolo[1,2-b]Phthalazine-2-Carboxamides by using Fish Scale Hydroxyapatite as a Heterogeneous Catalyst. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2019.1711138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rathinam Ramesh
- Department of Chemistry, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Appaswami Lalitha
- Department of Chemistry, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
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Naghiyev F, Mamedov I, Khrustalev V, Shixaliyev N, Maharramov A. A new direction in the alkylation of 5-acetyl-2-amino-6-methyl-4-phenyl-4H
-pyran-3-carbonitrile with active methylene reagents. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201800283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farid Naghiyev
- Baku State University; Faculty of Chemistry; Baku Azerbaijan
| | - Ibrahim Mamedov
- Baku State University; Faculty of Chemistry; Baku Azerbaijan
| | - Victor Khrustalev
- People Friendship University of Russia (RUDN), Research Institute of Chemistry; Moscow Russia
| | | | - Abel Maharramov
- Baku State University; Faculty of Chemistry; Baku Azerbaijan
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