1
|
Advances in the Synthesis of Ring-Fused Benzimidazoles and Imidazobenzimidazoles. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092684. [PMID: 34064312 PMCID: PMC8124402 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article provides a perspective on the synthesis of alicyclic and heterocyclic ring-fused benzimidazoles, imidazo[4,5-f]benzimidazoles, and imidazo[5,4-f]benzimidazoles. These heterocycles have a plethora of biological activities with the iminoquinone and quinone derivatives displaying potent bioreductive antitumor activity. Synthesis is categorized according to the cyclization reaction and mechanisms are detailed. Nitrobenzene reduction, cyclization of aryl amidines, lactams and isothiocyanates are described. Protocols include condensation, cross-dehydrogenative coupling with transition metal catalysis, annulation onto benzimidazole, often using CuI-catalysis, and radical cyclization with homolytic aromatic substitution. Many oxidative transformations are under metal-free conditions, including using thermal, photochemical, and electrochemical methods. Syntheses of diazole analogues of mitomycin C derivatives are described. Traditional oxidations of o-(cycloamino)anilines using peroxides in acid via the t-amino effect remain popular.
Collapse
|
2
|
Conboy D, Kielty P, Bear JC, Cockcroft JK, Farràs P, McArdle P, Singer RJ, Smith DA, Aldabbagh F. Ring-fused dimethoxybenzimidazole-benzimidazolequinone (DMBBQ): tunable halogenation and quinone formation using NaX/Oxone. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2716-2724. [PMID: 33667287 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00032b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ring-fused benzimidazolequinones are well-known anti-tumour agents, but dimeric ring-fused adducts are new. The alicyclic [1,2-a] ring-fused dimethoxybenzimidazole-benzimidazolequinone (DMBBQ) intermediate allows late-stage functionalization of bis-p-benzimidazolequinones. DMBBQs are chlorinated and brominated at the p-dimethoxybenzene site using nontoxic sodium halide and Oxone in HFIP/water. X-ray crystallography is used to rationalize site preference in terms of the discontinuity in conjugation in the DMBBQ system. Quinone formation occurs by increasing in situ halogen generation and water. Conversely, radical trifluoromethylation occurs at the quinone of the DMBBQ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren Conboy
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, KT1 2EE, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Begunov RS, Sokolov AA, Filimonov SI. Synthesis of Quinone Derivatives of Benzannelated Heterocycles with Bridgehead Nitrogen. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428020080084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
4
|
Electroreductive heterocyclization of ortho-piperidino substituted nitro(het)arenes. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2020.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
5
|
Kharissova OV, Kharisov BI, Oliva González CM, Méndez YP, López I. Greener synthesis of chemical compounds and materials. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:191378. [PMID: 31827868 PMCID: PMC6894553 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Modern trends in the greener synthesis and fabrication of inorganic, organic and coordination compounds, materials, nanomaterials, hybrids and nanocomposites are discussed. Green chemistry deals with synthesis procedures according to its classic 12 principles, contributing to the sustainability of chemical processes, energy savings, lesser toxicity of reagents and final products, lesser damage to the environment and human health, decreasing the risk of global overheating, and more rational use of natural resources and agricultural wastes. Greener techniques have been applied to synthesize both well-known chemical compounds by more sustainable routes and completely new materials. A range of nanosized materials and composites can be produced by greener routes, including nanoparticles of metals, non-metals, their oxides and salts, aerogels or quantum dots. At the same time, such classic materials as cement, ceramics, adsorbents, polymers, bioplastics and biocomposites can be improved or obtained by cleaner processes. Several non-contaminating physical methods, such as microwave heating, ultrasound-assisted and hydrothermal processes or ball milling, frequently in combination with the use of natural precursors, are of major importance in the greener synthesis, as well as solventless and biosynthesis techniques. Non-hazardous solvents including ionic liquids, use of plant extracts, fungi, yeasts, bacteria and viruses are also discussed in relation with materials fabrication. Availability, necessity and profitability of scaling up green processes are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oxana V. Kharissova
- Facultad de Ciencias Físico-Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Avenida Universidad, Ciudad Universitaria, 66455 San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Boris I. Kharisov
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Laboratorio de Materiales I, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Avenida Universidad, Ciudad Universitaria, 66455 San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - César Máximo Oliva González
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Laboratorio de Materiales I, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Avenida Universidad, Ciudad Universitaria, 66455 San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Yolanda Peña Méndez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Laboratorio de Materiales I, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Avenida Universidad, Ciudad Universitaria, 66455 San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Israel López
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Laboratorio de Materiales I, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Avenida Universidad, Ciudad Universitaria, 66455 San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología (CIBYN), Laboratorio de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Autopista al Aeropuerto Internacional Mariano Escobedo Km. 10, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica (PIIT), 66629 Apodaca, Nuevo León, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim DY, Dao PDQ, Yoon NS, Cho CS. Synthesis of Pyrrolone‐ and Isoindolinone‐Fused Benzimidazole‐4,7‐diones by Stepwise Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylative Cyclization and Oxidation. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Young Kim
- Department of Applied ChemistryKyungpook National University 80 Daehakro Bukgu, Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea
| | - Pham Duy Quang Dao
- Department of Applied ChemistryKyungpook National University 80 Daehakro Bukgu, Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Sik Yoon
- Department of Textile System EngineeringKyungpook National University 80 Daehakro Bukgu, Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Sik Cho
- Department of Applied ChemistryKyungpook National University 80 Daehakro Bukgu, Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Conboy D, Mirallai SI, Craig A, McArdle P, Al-Kinani AA, Barton S, Aldabbagh F. Incorporating Morpholine and Oxetane into Benzimidazolequinone Antitumor Agents: The Discovery of 1,4,6,9-Tetramethoxyphenazine from Hydrogen Peroxide and Hydroiodic Acid-Mediated Oxidative Cyclizations. J Org Chem 2019; 84:9811-9818. [PMID: 31293163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity of hydrogen peroxide and catalytic hydroiodic acid toward 3,6-dimethoxy-2-(cycloamino)anilines is tunable to give ring-fused benzimidazoles or 1,4,6,9-tetramethoxyphenazine in high yield. Mechanisms via a detected nitroso-intermediate are proposed for oxidative cyclization and the unexpected intermolecular displacement of the oxazine. An aqueous solution of molecular iodine is capable of the same transformations. Oxidative demethylation gave targeted benzimidazolequinones, including without cleavage of the incorporated oxetane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darren Conboy
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry , Kingston University , Penrhyn Road , Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE , U.K
| | - Styliana I Mirallai
- School of Chemistry , National University of Ireland Galway , University Road , Galway H91 TK33 , Ireland
| | - Austin Craig
- School of Chemistry , National University of Ireland Galway , University Road , Galway H91 TK33 , Ireland
| | - Patrick McArdle
- School of Chemistry , National University of Ireland Galway , University Road , Galway H91 TK33 , Ireland
| | - Ali A Al-Kinani
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry , Kingston University , Penrhyn Road , Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE , U.K
| | - Stephen Barton
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry , Kingston University , Penrhyn Road , Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE , U.K
| | - Fawaz Aldabbagh
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry , Kingston University , Penrhyn Road , Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE , U.K.,School of Chemistry , National University of Ireland Galway , University Road , Galway H91 TK33 , Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sweeney M, Keane LAJ, Gurry M, McArdle P, Aldabbagh F. One-Pot Synthesis of Dihalogenated Ring-Fused Benzimidazolequinones from 3,6-Dimethoxy-2-(cycloamino)anilines Using Hydrogen Peroxide and Hydrohalic Acid. Org Lett 2018; 20:6970-6974. [PMID: 30346181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
3,6-Dimethoxy-2-(cycloamino)anilines undergo 4- or 6-electron oxidations to afford novel ring-fused halogenated benzimidazoles or benzimidazolequinones using H2O2/HCl or H2O2/HBr. Cl2 and Br2 are capable of the same oxidative transformation to the benzimidazolequinones. Labeling experiments indicate that water is necessary for oxidation of the para-dimethoxybenzenes to the corresponding quinones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sweeney
- School of Chemistry , National University of Ireland Galway , University Road, Galway , H91 TK33 , Ireland
| | - Lee-Ann J Keane
- School of Chemistry , National University of Ireland Galway , University Road, Galway , H91 TK33 , Ireland
| | - Michael Gurry
- School of Chemistry , National University of Ireland Galway , University Road, Galway , H91 TK33 , Ireland
| | - Patrick McArdle
- School of Chemistry , National University of Ireland Galway , University Road, Galway , H91 TK33 , Ireland
| | - Fawaz Aldabbagh
- School of Chemistry , National University of Ireland Galway , University Road, Galway , H91 TK33 , Ireland.,Department of Pharmacy, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy & Chemistry , Kingston University , Penrhyn Road , Kingston upon Thames , KT1 2EE , United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
1-Fluoro-2,5-dimethoxy-4-nitrobenzene. MOLBANK 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/m984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|