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Cabello MC, Chen G, Melville MJ, Osman R, Kumar GD, Domaille DW, Lippert AR. Ex Tenebris Lux: Illuminating Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species with Small Molecule Probes. Chem Rev 2024; 124:9225-9375. [PMID: 39137397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are small reactive molecules derived from elements in the air─oxygen and nitrogen. They are produced in biological systems to mediate fundamental aspects of cellular signaling but must be very tightly balanced to prevent indiscriminate damage to biological molecules. Small molecule probes can transmute the specific nature of each reactive oxygen and nitrogen species into an observable luminescent signal (or even an acoustic wave) to offer sensitive and selective imaging in living cells and whole animals. This review focuses specifically on small molecule probes for superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite that provide a luminescent or photoacoustic signal. Important background information on general photophysical phenomena, common probe designs, mechanisms, and imaging modalities will be provided, and then, probes for each analyte will be thoroughly evaluated. A discussion of the successes of the field will be presented, followed by recommendations for improvement and a future outlook of emerging trends. Our objectives are to provide an informative, useful, and thorough field guide to small molecule probes for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as well as important context to compare the ecosystem of chemistries and molecular scaffolds that has manifested within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maidileyvis C Cabello
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Gen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Michael J Melville
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Rokia Osman
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - G Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Dylan W Domaille
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Alexander R Lippert
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
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Dai M, Yang YJ, Sarkar S, Ahn KH. Strategies to convert organic fluorophores into red/near-infrared emitting analogues and their utilization in bioimaging probes. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6344-6358. [PMID: 37608780 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00475a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Organic fluorophores aided by current microscopy imaging modalities are essential for studying biological systems. Recently, red/near-infrared emitting fluorophores have attracted great research efforts, as they enable bioimaging applications with reduced autofluorescence interference and light scattering, two significant obstacles for deep-tissue imaging, as well as reduced photodamage and photobleaching. Herein, we analyzed the current strategies to convert key organic fluorophores bearing xanthene, coumarin, and naphthalene cores into longer wavelength-emitting derivatives by focussing on their effectiveness and limitations. Together, we introduced typical examples of how such fluorophores can be used to develop molecular probes for biological analytes, along with key sensing features. Finally, we listed several critical issues to be considered in developing new fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchong Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea.
- CEDAR, Knight Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97201, USA.
| | - Yun Jae Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea.
| | - Sourav Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea.
| | - Kyo Han Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea.
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Arachchige DL, Dwivedi SK, Jaeger S, Olowolagba AM, Mahmoud M, Tucker DR, Fritz DR, Werner T, Tanasova M, Luck RL, Liu H. Highly Sensitive Cyanine Dyes for Rapid Sensing of NAD(P)H in Mitochondria and First-Instar Larvae of Drosophila melanogaster. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:3199-3212. [PMID: 37556116 PMCID: PMC10584401 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
We have developed two highly sensitive cyanine dyes, which we refer to as probes A and B. These dyes are capable of quick and sensitive sensing of NAD(P)H. The dyes were fabricated by connecting benzothiazolium and 2,3-dimethylnaphtho[1,2-d]thiazol-3-ium units to 3-quinolinium through a vinyl bond. In the absence of NAD(P)H, both probes have low fluorescence and absorption peaks at 370 and 400 nm, correspondingly. This is because of their two electron-withdrawing acceptor systems with high charge densities. However, when NAD(P)H reduces the probes' electron-withdrawing 3-quinolinium units to electron-donating 1,4-dihydroquinoline units, the probes absorb at 533 and 535 nm and fluoresce at 572 and 586 nm for A and B correspondingly. This creates well-defined donor-π-acceptor cyanine dyes. We successfully used probe A to monitor NAD(P)H levels in live cells during glycolysis, under hypoxic conditions induced by CoCl2 treatment and after treatment with cancer drugs, including cisplatin, camptothecin, and gemcitabine. Probe A was also employed to visualize NAD(P)H in Drosophila melanogaster first-instar larvae. We observed an increase in NAD(P)H levels in A549 cancer cells both under hypoxic conditions and after treatment with cancer drugs, including cisplatin, camptothecin, and gemcitabine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilka Liyana Arachchige
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
- Department of Chemistry, and Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Sushil K Dwivedi
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
- Department of Chemistry, and Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Sophia Jaeger
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
- Department of Chemistry, and Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Adenike Mary Olowolagba
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
- Department of Chemistry, and Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Mohamed Mahmoud
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
- Department of Chemistry, and Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Daniel R Tucker
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Delaney Raine Fritz
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Thomas Werner
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Marina Tanasova
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Rudy L Luck
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Haiying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
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Zhang Y, Liyana Arachchige D, Olowolagba A, Luck RL, Liu H. Near-infrared Fluorescent Probe Based on Rhodamine Derivative for Detection of NADH in Live Cells. Methods 2022; 204:22-28. [PMID: 35381337 PMCID: PMC9233151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2022.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A near-infrared fluorescent probe was prepared for selective detection of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) in live cells. The probe turns off the fluorescence with a closed spironolactone switch. However, reduction of the probe by NADH turns on fluorescence at 740 nm. Theoretical calculations suggest a more planar arrangement between the rhodamine and quinoline moieties with increased π-delocalization resulting from reduction.
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Sun P, Zhang H, Sun Y, Liu J. The recent development of fluorescent probes for the detection of NADH and NADPH in living cells and in vivo. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 245:118919. [PMID: 32977107 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and its phosphate ester (NADPH) participate in numerous metabolic processes in living cells as electron carriers. The levels of NADH and NADPH in a cell are closely related to its metabolic and pathological state. It is important to monitor the levels of NADH and NADPH in living cells and in vivo in real-time. This review mainly focuses on fluorescent probes developed for monitoring NADH and NADPH in living cells and in vivo, and classifies them according to the recognition units. These fluorescence probes can rapidly respond to changes in NADH and NADPH levels without interference from other biomolecules, both in cell culture and in vivo. These probes have been employed to monitor NADH and NADPH levels in living cells, tumor spheroids, and in vivo; moreover, some of them can be used to discriminate normal cells from cancer cells, and detect cancer cell death due to reductive stress induced by natural antioxidants. This review is expected to inspire the generation of novel fluorescent probes for the detection of NADH and NADPH, and stimulate more attention in the development of fluorescent probes based on carbon dots and nanoparticles, as well as metal complex-based, time-gated luminescent probes for monitoring NADH and NADPH in both living cells and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjuan Sun
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hongxing Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yuanqiang Sun
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Green Construction of Functional Molecules and Their Bioanalytical Applications, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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Gao LL, Wang WW, Wu WN, Wang Y, Zhao XL, Fan YC, Li HJ, Xu ZH. Sensitive and selective fluorescent probe for hypochlorite in 100% aqueous solution and its application for lysosome-targetable cell imaging. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 231:118110. [PMID: 32007906 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A morpholine-functionalized pyrrole-cyanine probe was synthesized via a simple condensation reaction in high yield. This probe exhibits high selectivity toward ClO- on fluorescence and UV-vis spectra in neat aqueous solution. The strong green emission of the probe solution was quenched and the yellow color faded immediately upon the addition of ClO-. The detection limit of the probe for ClO- was 0.165 μM. The mechanism of hypochlorite-induced CC breakage was supposed on the basis of EIS-MS, NMR, and density functional theory (DFT) calculation. Finally, the probe was utilized to image ClO- in lysosomes of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Liang Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China
| | - Wan-Wan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China
| | - Wei-Na Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China.
| | - Yuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Lei Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China
| | - Yun-Chang Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China
| | - Hui-Jun Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China
| | - Zhi-Hong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Detection, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xuchang University, 461000, PR China; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China.
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Li W, Gong X, Fan X, Yin S, Su D, Zhang X, Yuan L. Recent advances in molecular fluorescent probes for organic phosphate biomolecules recognition. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yudhistira T, Mulay SV, Kim Y, Halle MB, Churchill DG. Imaging of Hypochlorous Acid by Fluorescence and Applications in Biological Systems. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:3048-3084. [PMID: 31347256 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, HOCl research has attracted a lot of scientists from around the world. This chemical species is well known as an important player in the biological systems of eukaryotic organisms including humans. In the human body, HOCl is produced by the myeloperoxidase enzyme from superoxide in very low concentrations (20 to 400 μm); this species is secreted by neutrophils and monocytes to help fight pathogens. However, in the condition called "oxidative stress", HOCl has the capability to attack many important biomolecules such as amino acids, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids; these reactions could ultimately contribute to a number of diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases (AD, PD, and ALS), cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. In this review, we discuss recent efforts by scientists to synthesize various fluorophores which are attached to receptors to detect HOCl such as: chalcogen-based oxidation, oxidation of 4-methoxyphenol, oxime/imine, lactone ring opening, and hydrazine. These synthetic molecules, involving rational synthetic pathways, allow us to chemoselectively target HOCl and to study the level of HOCl selectivity through emission responses. Virtually all the reports here deal with well-defined and small synthetic molecular systems. A large number of published compounds have been reported over the past years; this growing field has given scientists new insights regarding the design of the chemosensors. Reversibility, for example is considered important from the stand point of chemosensor reuse within the biological system; facile regenerability using secondary analytes to obtain the initial probe is a very promising avenue. Another aspect which is also important is the energy of the emission wavelength of the sensor; near-infrared (NIR) emission is favorable to prevent autofluorescence and harmful irradiation of tissue; thus, extended applicability of such sensors can be made to the mouse model or animal model to help image internal organs. In this review, we describe several well-known types of receptors that are covalently attached to the fluorophore to detect HOCl. We also discuss the common fluorophores which are used by chemist to detect HOCl, Apart from the chemical aspects, we also discuss the capabilities of the compounds to detect HOCl in living cells as measured through confocal imaging. The growing insight from HOCl probing suggests that there is still much room for improvement regarding the available molecular designs, knowledge of interplay between analytes, biological applicability, biological targeting, and chemical switching, which can also serve to further sensor and theurapeutic agent development alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesla Yudhistira
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sandip V Mulay
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.,Artificial Photosynthesis Research Group, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 100 Jang-dong, Yuseong, Daejeon, 305 600, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsam Kim
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.,Semiconductor Material Division, LG Chemistry, 104-1, Munji-dong, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahesh B Halle
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - David G Churchill
- Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.,KI for Health Science and Technology, KI Institute, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
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Podder A, Koo S, Lee J, Mun S, Khatun S, Kang HG, Bhuniya S, Kim JS. A rhodamine based fluorescent probe validates substrate and cellular hypoxia specific NADH expression. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:537-540. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc08991d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel rhodamine-based redox probe (MQR) was developed to visualize the alteration of the NADH level under diverse metabolic perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arup Podder
- Amrita Centre for Industrial Research & Innovation
- Amrita School of Engineering
- Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
- Coimbatore
- India
| | - Seyoung Koo
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul 02841
- Korea
| | - Jiyeong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science
- College of Health Sciences
- Eulji University
- Seongnam 13135
- Korea
| | - Sora Mun
- Department of Senior Healthcare
- BK21 Plus Program
- Graduate School
- Eulji University
- Seongnam 13135
| | - Sabina Khatun
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science
- Amrita School of Engineering
- Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
- Coimbatore
- India
| | - Hee-Gyoo Kang
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science
- College of Health Sciences
- Eulji University
- Seongnam 13135
- Korea
| | - Sankarprasad Bhuniya
- Amrita Centre for Industrial Research & Innovation
- Amrita School of Engineering
- Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
- Coimbatore
- India
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