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Wu Y, Lin Z, Fang R, Guo Y, Tu L, Yan Y, Zhang W, Sun H, Gao Z. Titanocene Lewis Acid Complexes with Diversified N,O-Ligands: Selectivity toward Three-Component Friedel–Crafts Reactions of Indoles. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOE, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Organometallic Material Chemistry, International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Organometallic Catalytic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Lin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, P. R. China
| | - Rongmiao Fang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an Shiyou University, Xi’an 710065, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Guo
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOE, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Organometallic Material Chemistry, International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Organometallic Catalytic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Li Tu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOE, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Organometallic Material Chemistry, International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Organometallic Catalytic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Yikun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOE, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Organometallic Material Chemistry, International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Organometallic Catalytic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Weiqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOE, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Organometallic Material Chemistry, International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Organometallic Catalytic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Huaming Sun
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOE, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Organometallic Material Chemistry, International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Organometallic Catalytic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Ziwei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOE, Xi’an Key Laboratory of Organometallic Material Chemistry, International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Organometallic Catalytic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000, P. R. China
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Sarkar D, Amin A, Qadir T, Sharma PK. Synthesis of Medicinally Important Indole Derivatives: A Review. THE OPEN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1874104502015010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Indoles constitute a widely occurring functional group in nature and are present in an extensive number of bioactive natural products and medicinally important compounds. As a result, exponential increases in the development of novel methods for the formation of indole core along with site-specific indoles have been established. Conventional methods for the synthesis of indoles are getting replaced with green methods involving ionic liquids, water as a solvent, solid acid catalyst, microwave irradiation and the use of nanoparticles under solvent-free conditions. In addition, there are immense applications of the substituted indoles in diverse fields.
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Joshi BD, Chisholm JD. Formation of Pyrroloindolines via the Alkylation of Tryptamines with Trichloroacetimidates. Tetrahedron Lett 2021; 77:153256. [PMID: 34334833 PMCID: PMC8321311 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyrroloindolines and related systems are present in a large number of complex natural products. These core structures have generated considerable synthetic interest, as many of the compounds possess challenging, elaborate structures and interesting biological properties. Recently we have focused on using trichloroacetimidates for the synthesis of these fascinating molecules. Trichloroacetimidates can be used as an electrophilic source of an alkyl group to form the pyrroloindoline directly from tryptamine derivatives. In this manner trichloroacetimidates provide a flexible solution to forming highly functionalized pyrroloindoline core structures, needing only a catalytic amount of a Lewis acid to effect the requisite transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar D Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, 1-014 Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244
| | - John D Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry, 1-014 Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244
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Esterifications with 2-(Trimethylsilyl)ethyl 2,2,2-Trichloroacetimidate. ORGANICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/org2010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
2-(Trimethylsilyl)ethyl 2,2,2-trichloroacetimidate is readily synthesized from 2-trimethylsilylethanol in high yield. This imidate is an effective reagent for the formation of 2-trimethylsilylethyl esters without the need for an exogenous promoter or catalyst, as the carboxylic acid substrate is acidic enough to promote ester formation without an additive. A deuterium labeling study indicated that a β-silyl carbocation intermediate is involved in the transformation.
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Suzuki T, Mate NA, Adhikari AA, Chisholm JD. Dialkylation of Indoles with Trichloroacetimidates to Access 3,3-Disubstituted Indolenines. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224143. [PMID: 31731742 PMCID: PMC6891773 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Substituted indoles may be directly transformed to 3,3-dialkyl indolenines with trichloroacetimidate electrophiles and the Lewis acid TMSOTf. These reactions provide rapid access to complex indolenines which are present in a variety of complex natural products and medicinally relevant small molecule structures. This method provides an alternative to the use of transition metal catalysis. The indolenines are readily transformed into spiroindoline systems which are privileged scaffolds in medicinal chemistry.
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