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Hanada EM, McShea PJ, Blum SA. Trimethylsilyl Chloride Aids in Solubilization of Oxidative Addition Intermediates from Zinc Metal. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307787. [PMID: 37672719 PMCID: PMC10591914 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Trimethylsilyl chloride (TMSCl) is commonly used to "activate" metal(0) powders toward oxidative addition of organohalides, but knowledge of its mechanism remains limited by the inability to characterize chemical intermediates under reaction conditions. Here, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) overcomes these prior limitations and shows that TMSCl aids in solubilization of the organozinc intermediate from zinc(0) metal after oxidative addition, a previously unknown mechanistic role. This mechanistic role is in contrast to previously known roles for TMSCl before the oxidative addition step. To achieve this understanding, FLIM, a tool traditionally used in biology, is developed to characterize intermediates during a chemical reaction-thus revealing mechanistic steps that are unobservable without fluorescence lifetime data. These findings impact organometallic reagent synthesis and catalysis by providing a previously uncharacterized mechanistic role for a widely used activating agent, an understanding of which is suitable for revising activation models and for developing strategies to activate currently unreactive metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Hanada
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA
| | - Patrick J McShea
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA
| | - Suzanne A Blum
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA
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Yi ZJ, Sun JT, Yang TY, Yu XY, Han XL, Wei BG. Cu(OTf) 2-catalyzed C3 aza-Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indoles with N, O-acetals. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:2261-2270. [PMID: 35229848 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02383g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An efficient approach to access functionalized indole derivatives has been developed through Cu(OTf)2-catalyzed C3 aza-Friedel-Crafts alkylation of substituted indoles 5a-5m, N-methyl-pyrrole with linear N,O-acetals 4a-4l. As a result, a series of C3 amide aza-alkylated indole derivatives 6a-6ag and 7 were synthesized in moderate to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Juan Yi
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry Functional Molecule, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jian-Ting Sun
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Tian-Yu Yang
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xian-Yong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry Functional Molecule, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Li Han
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China. .,Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Bang-Guo Wei
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Mao ZY, Wang C, Nie XD, Han XL, Dong HQ, Si CM, Wei BG. Sc(OTf)3-catalyzed intramolecular diastereoselective cyclization from tert-butoxycarbonyl to acyliminium ion. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.131959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Ma RJ, Sun JT, Liu CH, Chen L, Si CM, Wei BG. Synthesis of 1-benzylisoindoline and 1-benzyl-tetrahydroisoquinoline through nucleophilic addition of organozinc reagents to N, O-acetals. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:7139-7150. [PMID: 32966517 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01477j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A new approach to access 1-benzylisoindoline and 1-benzyl-tetrahydroisoquinoline has been developed through nucleophilic addition of organozinc reagents to N,O-acetals. A number of substituted organozinc reagents were amenable for this transformation, and the desired products were obtained with excellent yields. Moreover, Sc(OTf)3 proved to be an effective catalyst for the formation of 1-benzylisoindoline and 1-benzyl-tetrahydroisoquinoline using such nucleophilic addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Jun Ma
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China. and Center for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, 29 ShuangTa Road, TaiYuan 030012, China
| | - Jian-Ting Sun
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Chang-Hong Liu
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Chang-Mei Si
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Bang-Guo Wei
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Zhang YX, Chen LY, Sun JT, Si CM, Wei BG. Gold-Catalyzed Addition–N-Boc Cleavage–Cyclization of N,O-Acetal with Ynamides for Construction of 6-(tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy-tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3]oxazin-1-ones. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12603-12613. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xue Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai 201620, China
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ling-Yan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai 201620, China
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jian-Ting Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai 201620, China
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chang-Mei Si
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bang-Guo Wei
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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