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Diana EJ, Jose J, Mathew TV. Recent development in the synthesis of imidazo[1,5- a]indole derivatives: an in-depth overview. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:7560-7581. [PMID: 39193630 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob01131g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
In the realm of nitrogen-fused heterocycles, imidazo[1,5-a]indole and its derivatives are recognized as privileged structural patterns in various pharmaceutical drugs and biologically active natural products, emphasizing their significance. This review comprehensively explores the synthetic strategies for constructing imidazo[1,5-a]indole scaffolds, with a particular focus on transition metal-catalyzed methodologies. The primary highlighted method is [4 + 1] annulation, along with other notable approaches such as C-H activation/cyclization, enantioselective C-H annulation, intramolecular hydroamination, and double cyclization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Diana
- Department of Chemistry, St Thomas College Palai, Arunapuram P.O., Kottayam, Kerala, 686574, India.
- Department of Chemistry, Alphonsa College Pala, Arunapuram P.O., Kottayam, Kerala, 686574, India.
| | - Jisna Jose
- Department of Chemistry, St Thomas College Palai, Arunapuram P.O., Kottayam, Kerala, 686574, India.
| | - Thomas V Mathew
- Department of Chemistry, St Thomas College Palai, Arunapuram P.O., Kottayam, Kerala, 686574, India.
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Acharya SS, Patra S, Maharana R, Dash M, Barad LM, Parida BB. Recent advances in spirocyclization of maleimides via transition-metal catalyzed C-H activation. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2916-2947. [PMID: 38497106 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01904g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the maleimide scaffold has received a great deal of attention in C-H activation. Several types of products can be constructed using maleimides as a coupling partner. Alkylation, alkenylation, annulation, dehydrogenative annulation and spirocyclization are various reactions shown by maleimides in C-H activation. Thus, the maleimide scaffold has been extensively studied in the last few years in C-H activation owing to its unique reactivity. Among the diverse class of reactions of maleimides, spirocyclization is a less explored reaction. The spirocycles, in particular the spirosuccinimides are interesting candidates in drug discovery and materials chemistry. Therefore the method of spirocyclization of maleimides via C-H activation becomes an important strategy for the synthesis of a diverse array of spirosuccinimides. This review summarizes the reports available in this field from 2015-2023 and also highlights the scopes and prospects of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sagarika Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Berhampur University, Bhanja Bihar, Odisha-760007, India.
| | - Rojalini Maharana
- Department of Chemistry, Berhampur University, Bhanja Bihar, Odisha-760007, India.
| | - Manaswini Dash
- Department of Chemistry, Berhampur University, Bhanja Bihar, Odisha-760007, India.
| | - Liza Mama Barad
- Department of Chemistry, Berhampur University, Bhanja Bihar, Odisha-760007, India.
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Pu WY, Chen XY, Dong L. Rh(III)-catalyzed [5+1] spirocyclization to produce novel benzimidazole-incorporated spirosuccinimides. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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Kalyani A, Tulichala RP, Chauhan S, Swamy KK. Palladium catalyzed nitrile insertion and cyanation of biindoles: Synthesis of indole fused α-carboline scaffolds via double C–H activation. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Taborosi A, He O, Ano Y, Chatani N, Mori S. Reaction Path Determination of Rhodium(I)-Catalyzed C-H Alkylation of N-8-Aminoquinolinyl Aromatic Amides with Maleimides. J Org Chem 2021; 87:737-743. [PMID: 34962397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The rhodium(I)-catalyzed reaction of N-8-aminoquinolinyl aromatic amides with maleimides results in C-H alkylation at the ortho position of the amide. The reaction path and formation of the alkylation product with density functional theory (DFT) calculations were done. The detailed computational study showed that the reaction proceeds in the following steps: (I) deprotonation of the NH amide proton, (II) oxidative addition of the ortho C-H bond, (III) migratory insertion of the maleimide, (IV) reductive elimination with the C-C bond formation, and (V) protonation. The energetic span model showed that the turnover frequency (TOF)-determining transition state (TDTS) is the oxidative addition, while the TOF-determining intermediate (TDI) is the formation of an Rh(I)-complex after N-H deprotonation. It was also found that the change in the oxidation number of the Rh catalyst is a key determinant of the reaction path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Taborosi
- Institute of Quantum Beam Science, Ibaraki University, 310-8512 Mito, Ibaraki, Japan.,Frontier Research Center for Applied Atomic Sciences, Ibaraki University, 319-1106 Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Oiyuan He
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, 565-0871 Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, 565-0871 Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoto Chatani
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, 565-0871 Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seiji Mori
- Institute of Quantum Beam Science, Ibaraki University, 310-8512 Mito, Ibaraki, Japan.,Frontier Research Center for Applied Atomic Sciences, Ibaraki University, 319-1106 Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan
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Qiao J, Mao H, Lu S, Zhang X, Ni H, Lu Y. Redox-neutral rhodium(III)-catalyzed chemo- and regiospecific [4 + 1] annulation between benzamides and alkenes for the synthesis of functionalized isoindolinones. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:9946-9952. [PMID: 34746943 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01792f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, using electron-deficient alkenes embedded with an oxidizing function/leaving group as a rare and nontraditional C1 synthon, we have achieved the redox-neutral Rh(III)-catalyzed chemo- and regioselective [4 + 1] annulation of benzamides for the synthesis of functionalized isoindolinones. This method features broad substrate scope, good to excellent yields, excellent chemo- and regioselectivity, good tolerance of functional groups and mild external-oxidant-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Qiao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua 321007, P. R. China. .,Jinhua Branch, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Jinhua 321007, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Mao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua 321007, P. R. China.
| | - Shiyao Lu
- Jinhua Branch, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Jinhua 321007, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoning Zhang
- Jinhua Branch, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Jinhua 321007, P. R. China.
| | - Hangcheng Ni
- Jinhua Branch, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Jinhua 321007, P. R. China.
| | - Yangbin Lu
- Jinhua Branch, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Jinhua 321007, P. R. China.
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Yuan WK, Shi BF. Synthesis of Chiral Spirolactams via Sequential C-H Olefination/Asymmetric [4+1] Spirocyclization under a Simple Co II /Chiral Spiro Phosphoric Acid Binary System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23187-23192. [PMID: 34435722 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented enantioselective synthesis of spiro-γ-lactams via a sequential C-H olefination/asymmetric [4+1] spirocyclization under a simple CoII /chiral spiro phosphoric acid (SPA) binary system is reported. A range of biologically important spiro-γ-lactams are obtained with high levels of enantioselectivity (up to 98 % ee). The concise, asymmetric synthesis of an aldose reductase inhibitor was successfully achieved. Notably, contrast to previous reports that relied on the use of cyclopentadienyl or its derivatives (achiral Cp*, CptBu , or chiral Cpx ) ligated CoIII complexes requiring tedious steps to prepare, cheap and commercially available cobalt(II) acetate tetrahydrate was used as an efficient precatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Kui Yuan
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Bing-Feng Shi
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
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Yuan W, Shi B. Synthesis of Chiral Spirolactams via Sequential C−H Olefination/Asymmetric [4+1] Spirocyclization under a Simple Co
II
/Chiral Spiro Phosphoric Acid Binary System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen‐Kui Yuan
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Bing‐Feng Shi
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Normal University Xinxiang 453007 China
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