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Chen G, Yu J, Wu L, Ji X, Xu J, Wang C, Ma S, Miao Q, Wang L, Wang C, Lewis SE, Yue Y, Sun Z, Liu Y, Tang B, James TD. Fluorescent small molecule donors. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6345-6398. [PMID: 38742651 PMCID: PMC11181996 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00124e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Small molecule donors (SMDs) play subtle roles in the signaling mechanism and disease treatments. While many excellent SMDs have been developed, dosage control, targeted delivery, spatiotemporal feedback, as well as the efficiency evaluation of small molecules are still key challenges. Accordingly, fluorescent small molecule donors (FSMDs) have emerged to meet these challenges. FSMDs enable controllable release and non-invasive real-time monitoring, providing significant advantages for drug development and clinical diagnosis. Integration of FSMDs with chemotherapeutic, photodynamic or photothermal properties can take full advantage of each mode to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Given the remarkable properties and the thriving development of FSMDs, we believe a review is needed to summarize the design, triggering strategies and tracking mechanisms of FSMDs. With this review, we compiled FSMDs for most small molecules (nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, reactive oxygen species and formaldehyde), and discuss recent progress concerning their molecular design, structural classification, mechanisms of generation, triggered release, structure-activity relationships, and the fluorescence response mechanism. Firstly, from the large number of fluorescent small molecular donors available, we have organized the common structures for producing different types of small molecules, providing a general strategy for the development of FSMDs. Secondly, we have classified FSMDs in terms of the respective donor types and fluorophore structures. Thirdly, we discuss the mechanisms and factors associated with the controlled release of small molecules and the regulation of the fluorescence responses, from which universal guidelines for optical properties and structure rearrangement were established, mainly involving light-controlled, enzyme-activated, reactive oxygen species-triggered, biothiol-triggered, single-electron reduction, click chemistry, and other triggering mechanisms. Fourthly, representative applications of FSMDs for trackable release, and evaluation monitoring, as well as for visible in vivo treatment are outlined, to illustrate the potential of FSMDs in drug screening and precision medicine. Finally, we discuss the opportunities and remaining challenges for the development of FSMDs for practical and clinical applications, which we anticipate will stimulate the attention of researchers in the diverse fields of chemistry, pharmacology, chemical biology and clinical chemistry. With this review, we hope to impart new understanding thereby enabling the rapid development of the next generation of FSMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Chen
- The Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Jing Yu
- The Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Luling Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Xinrui Ji
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jie Xu
- The Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Chao Wang
- The Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Siyue Ma
- The Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Qing Miao
- The Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Linlin Wang
- The Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Chen Wang
- The Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Simon E Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
| | - Yanfeng Yue
- Department of Chemistry, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, 19901, USA.
| | - Zhe Sun
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Yuxia Liu
- The Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China.
| | - Tony D James
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
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Misra R, Bhuyan HJ, Dutta A, Bhabak KP. Recent Developments On Activatable Turn-On Fluorogenic Donors of Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2S). ChemMedChem 2024:e202400251. [PMID: 38746978 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is considered the third member of the gasotransmitter family, along with nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). Besides its role in physiological and pathophysiological conditions, the promising therapeutic potential of this small-molecule makes it advantageous for various pharmaceutical applications. The endogenous production of H2S at a lower concentration is crucial in maintaining redox balance and cellular homeostasis, and the dysregulation leads to various disease states. In the event of H2S deficiency, the exogenous donation of H2S could help maintain the optimal cellular concentration of H2S and cellular homeostasis. Over the last several years, researchers have developed numerous small-molecule non-fluorogenic organosulfur compounds as H2S donors and investigated their pharmacological potentials. However, reports on stimuli-responsive turn-on fluorogenic donors of H2S have appeared recently. Interestingly, the fluorogenic H2S donors offer additional advantages with the non-invasive real-time monitoring of the H2S release utilizing the simultaneous turn-on fluorogenic processes. The review summarizes the recent developments in turn-on fluorogenic donors of H2S and the potential biological applications that have developed over the years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopjyoti Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Hirak Jyoti Bhuyan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Amlan Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Krishna P Bhabak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
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Hu Q, Zhu C, Hankins RA, Murmello AR, Marrs GS, Lukesh JC. An ROS-Responsive Donor That Self-Reports Its H 2S Delivery by Forming a Benzoxazole-Based Fluorophore. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25486-25494. [PMID: 37950698 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an endogenous signaling molecule, is known to play a pivotal role in neuroprotection, vasodilation, and hormonal regulation. To further explore the biological effects of H2S, refined donors that facilitate its biological delivery, especially under specific (patho) physiological conditions, are needed. In the present study, we demonstrate that ortho-substituted, aryl boronate esters provide two unique and distinct pathways for H2S release from thioamide-based donors: Lewis acid-facilitated hydrolysis and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidation/cyclization. Through a detailed structure-activity relationship study, donors that resist hydrolysis and release H2S solely via the latter mechanism were identified, which have the added benefit of providing a potentially useful heterocycle as the lone byproduct of this novel chemistry. To highlight this, we developed an ROS-activated donor (QH642) that simultaneously synthesizes a benzoxazole-based fluorophore en route to its H2S delivery. A distinct advantage of this design over earlier self-reporting donors is that fluorophore formation is possible only if H2S has been discharged from the donor. This key feature eliminates the potential for false positives and provides a more accurate depiction of reaction progress and donor delivery of H2S, including in complex cellular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Wake Downtown Campus, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, United States
| | - Changlei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Wake Downtown Campus, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, United States
| | - Rynne A Hankins
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Wake Downtown Campus, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, United States
| | - Allison R Murmello
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Wake Downtown Campus, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, United States
| | - Glen S Marrs
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, United States
| | - John C Lukesh
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Wake Downtown Campus, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, United States
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Newton TD, Li K, Sharma J, Champagne PA, Pluth MD. Direct hydrogen selenide (H 2Se) release from activatable selenocarbamates. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7581-7588. [PMID: 37449078 PMCID: PMC10337719 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01936e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen selenide (H2Se) is a possible bioregulator, potential gasotransmitter, and important precursor in biological organoselenium compound synthesis. Early tools for H2Se research have benefitted from available mechanistic understanding of analogous small molecules developed for detecting or delivering H2S. A now common approach for H2S delivery is the use of small molecule thiocarbamates that can be engineered to release COS, which is quickly converted to H2S by carbonic anhydrase. To expand our understanding of the chemical underpinnings that enable H2Se delivery, we investigated whether selenocarbamates undergo similar chemistry to release carbonyl selenide (COSe). Using both light- and hydrolysis-activated systems, we demonstrate that unlike their lighter thiocarbamate congeners, selenocarbamates release H2Se directly with concomitant isocyanate formation rather than by the intermediate release of COSe. This reaction mechanism for direct H2Se release is further supported by computational investigations that identify a ΔΔG‡ ∼ 25 kcal mol-1 between the H2Se and COSe release pathways in the absence of protic solvent. This work highlights fundamentally new approaches for H2Se release from small molecules and advances the understanding of reactivity differences between reactive sulfur and selenium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turner D Newton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403-1253 USA
| | - Keyan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403-1253 USA
| | - Jyoti Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark New Jersey 07103 USA
| | - Pier Alexandre Champagne
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark New Jersey 07103 USA
| | - Michael D Pluth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon Eugene Oregon 97403-1253 USA
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H2S Donors with Cytoprotective Effects in Models of MI/R Injury and Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030650. [PMID: 36978898 PMCID: PMC10045576 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous signaling molecule that greatly influences several important (patho)physiological processes related to cardiovascular health and disease, including vasodilation, angiogenesis, inflammation, and cellular redox homeostasis. Consequently, H2S supplementation is an emerging area of interest, especially for the treatment of cardiovascular-related diseases. To fully unlock the medicinal properties of hydrogen sulfide, however, the development and refinement of H2S releasing compounds (or donors) are required to augment its bioavailability and to better mimic its natural enzymatic production. Categorizing donors by the biological stimulus that triggers their H2S release, this review highlights the fundamental chemistry and releasing mechanisms of a range of H2S donors that have exhibited promising protective effects in models of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) injury and cancer chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity, specifically. Thus, in addition to serving as important investigative tools that further advance our knowledge and understanding of H2S chemical biology, the compounds highlighted in this review have the potential to serve as vital therapeutic agents for the treatment (or prevention) of various cardiomyopathies.
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Rong F, Wang T, Zhou Q, Peng H, Yang J, Fan Q, Li P. Intelligent polymeric hydrogen sulfide delivery systems for therapeutic applications. Bioact Mater 2023; 19:198-216. [PMID: 35510171 PMCID: PMC9034248 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays an important role in regulating various pathological processes such as protecting mammalian cell from harmful injuries, promoting tissue regeneration, and regulating the process of various diseases caused by physiological disorders. Studies have revealed that the physiological effects of H2S are highly associated with its concentrations. At relatively low concentration, H2S shows beneficial functions. However, long-time and high-dose donation of H2S would inhibit regular biological process, resulting in cell dysfunction and apoptosis. To regulate the dosage of H2S delivery for precision medicine, H2S delivery systems with intelligent characteristics were developed and a variety of biocompatibility polymers have been utilized to establish intelligent polymeric H2S delivery systems, with the abilities to specifically target the lesions, smartly respond to pathological microenvironments, as well as real-timely monitor H2S delivery and lesion conditions by incorporating imaging-capable moieties. In this review, we focus on the design, preparation, and therapeutic applications of intelligent polymeric H2S delivery systems in cardiovascular therapy, inflammatory therapy, tissue regenerative therapy, cancer therapy and bacteria-associated therapy. Strategies for precise H2S therapies especially imaging-guided H2S theranostics are highlighted. Since H2S donors with stimuli-responsive characters are vital components for establishing intelligent H2S delivery systems, the development of H2S donors is also briefly introduced. H2S is an endogenous gasotransmitter that plays important role in regulating various physiological and pathological pathways. Controlled H2S delivery is vital since the therapeutic effects of H2S are highly associated with its concentrations. Intelligent polymeric H2S delivery systems possess specific targeting, stimuli responsive and imaging guided capabilities, representing a strategic option for next generation of therapies.
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Smith HM, Pluth MD. Thiol-Activated 1,2,4-Thiadiazolidin-3,5-diones Release Hydrogen Sulfide through a Carbonyl-Sulfide-Dependent Pathway. J Org Chem 2022; 87:12441-12446. [PMID: 36070356 PMCID: PMC9893878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent efforts have expanded the development of small molecule donors that release the important biological signaling molecule hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Previous work on 1,2,4-thiadiazolidin-3,5-diones (TDZNs) reported that these compounds release H2S directly, albeit inefficiently. However, TDZNs showed promising efficacy in H2S-mediated relaxation in ex vivo aortic ring relaxation models. Here, we show that TDZNs release carbonyl sulfide (COS) efficiently, which can be converted to H2S by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) rather than releasing H2S directly as previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley M. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Michael D. Pluth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
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Hu Q, Yammani RD, Brown-Harding H, Soto-Pantoja DR, Poole LB, Lukesh JC. Mitigation of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity with an H2O2-Activated, H2S-Donating hybrid prodrug. Redox Biol 2022; 53:102338. [PMID: 35609400 PMCID: PMC9126844 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Wake Downtown Campus, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - Rama D Yammani
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | | | - David R Soto-Pantoja
- Department of Cancer Biology and Department of Surgery/Hypertension, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Leslie B Poole
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - John C Lukesh
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Wake Downtown Campus, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA.
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Wang J, Xie H, Li H, Wang R, Zhang B, Ren T, Hua J, Chen N. NIR Fluorescent Probe for In Situ Bioimaging of Endogenous H 2S in Rice Roots under Al 3+ and Flooding Stresses. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:14330-14339. [PMID: 34802240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is one of the typical reactive sulfur species, which exhibits an important role in regulating both physiological and pathological processes. Recent studies indicate that H2S also serves as a key signaling molecule in a broad range of regulatory processes in plants. However, in situ imaging and detection of the levels of H2S in plant tissues remains a challenge. In this work, a NIR fluorescent probe (HBTP-H2S) was synthesized to achieve H2S imaging in living plant tissues. HBTP-H2S exhibited high sensitivity toward H2S with a large Stokes shift (250 nm). HBTP-H2S could be applied to HeLa cells to detect the fluctuation of endogenous H2S levels in response to physiological stimulations. Importantly, HBTP-H2S was utilized for direct H2S imaging of rice roots and revealed the upregulation of H2S signaling in response to aluminum ions and flooding stresses. Our work thus provides a new tool to investigate H2S-involved signal interaction and protective resistance of crops under environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Green Energy Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Rd., Shanghai 200234, PR China
| | - Hui Xie
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Green Energy Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Rd., Shanghai 200234, PR China
| | - Haoyang Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Green Energy Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Rd., Shanghai 200234, PR China
| | - Rong Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Green Energy Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Rd., Shanghai 200234, PR China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Green Energy Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Rd., Shanghai 200234, PR China
| | - Tianrui Ren
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Green Energy Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Rd., Shanghai 200234, PR China
| | - Jianli Hua
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237 Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Green Energy Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Rd., Shanghai 200234, PR China
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