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Chauhan P, V R, Kumar M, Molla R, Mishra SD, Basa S, Rai V. Chemical technology principles for selective bioconjugation of proteins and antibodies. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:380-449. [PMID: 38095227 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00715d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Proteins are multifunctional large organic compounds that constitute an essential component of a living system. Hence, control over their bioconjugation impacts science at the chemistry-biology-medicine interface. A chemical toolbox for their precision engineering can boost healthcare and open a gateway for directed or precision therapeutics. Such a chemical toolbox remained elusive for a long time due to the complexity presented by the large pool of functional groups. The precise single-site modification of a protein requires a method to address a combination of selectivity attributes. This review focuses on guiding principles that can segregate them to simplify the task for a chemical method. Such a disintegration systematically employs a multi-step chemical transformation to deconvolute the selectivity challenges. It constitutes a disintegrate (DIN) theory that offers additional control parameters for tuning precision in protein bioconjugation. This review outlines the selectivity hurdles faced by chemical methods. It elaborates on the developments in the perspective of DIN theory to demonstrate simultaneous regulation of reactivity, chemoselectivity, site-selectivity, modularity, residue specificity, and protein specificity. It discusses the progress of such methods to construct protein and antibody conjugates for biologics, including antibody-fluorophore and antibody-drug conjugates (AFCs and ADCs). It also briefs how this knowledge can assist in developing small molecule-based covalent inhibitors. In the process, it highlights an opportunity for hypothesis-driven routes to accelerate discoveries of selective methods and establish new targetome in the precision engineering of proteins and antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Ragendu V
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Mohan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Rajib Molla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Surya Dev Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Sneha Basa
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Vishal Rai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
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Sarrett SM, Rodriguez C, Rymarczyk G, Hosny MM, Keinänen O, Delaney S, Thau S, Krantz BA, Zeglis BM. Lysine-Directed Site-Selective Bioconjugation for the Creation of Radioimmunoconjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:1750-1760. [PMID: 35946495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of radioimmunoconjugates via the stochastic attachment of bifunctional chelators to lysines can yield heterogeneous products with suboptimal in vitro and in vivo behavior. In response to this, several site-selective approaches to bioconjugation have been developed, yet each has intrinsic drawbacks, such as the need for expensive reagents or the complexity of incorporating unnatural amino acids into IgGs. Herein, we describe the use of a simple and facile approach to lysine-directed site-selective bioconjugation for the generation of radioimmunoconjugates. This strategy relies upon on the selective modification of single lysine residues within each light chain of the monoclonal antibody (mAb) with a branched azide-bearing perfluorophenyl ester (PFP-bisN3) followed by the ligation of dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO)-bearing payloads to these bioorthogonal handles via the strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition. This methodology was used to create [89Zr]Zr-SSKDFO-pertuzumab, a radioimmunoconjugate of the HER2-targeting mAb pertuzumab labeled with desferrioxamine (DFO) and the positron-emitting radiometal zirconium-89 (89Zr). [89Zr]Zr-SSKDFO-pertuzumab was compared to a pair of analogous probes: one synthesized via random lysine modification ([89Zr]Zr-DFO-pertuzumab) and another via thiol-maleimide chemistry ([89Zr]Zr-malDFO-pertuzumab). The bioconjugation strategy was assessed using ESI mass spectrometry, SDS-PAGE, and autoradiography. All three immunoconjugates demonstrated comparable binding to HER2 via flow cytometry and surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and 89Zr-labeled variants of each were synthesized in >99% radiochemical yield and molar activities of up to ∼55.5 GBq/μmol (10 mCi/mg). Subsequently, the in vivo behavior of this trio of 89Zr-immunoPET probes was interrogated in athymic nude mice bearing subcutaneous HER2-expressing BT-474 human breast cancer xenografts. [89Zr]Zr-SSKDFO-pertuzumab, [89Zr]Zr-malDFO-pertuzumab, and [89Zr]Zr-DFO-pertuzumab produced positron emission tomography (PET) images with high tumoral uptake and high tumor-to-healthy organ activity concentration ratios. A terminal biodistribution study complemented the PET results, revealing tumoral activity concentrations of 126.9 ± 50.3%ID/g, 86.9 ± 53.2%ID/g, and 92.5 ± 27.2%ID/g at 144 h post-injection for [89Zr]Zr-SSKDFO-pertuzumab, [89Zr]Zr-malDFO-pertuzumab, and [89Zr]Zr-DFO-pertuzumab, respectively. Taken together, the data clearly illustrate that this highly modular and facile approach to site-selective bioconjugation produces radioimmunoconjugates that are better-defined and more homogeneous than stochastically modified constructs and also exhibit excellent in vitro and in vivo performance. Furthermore, we contend that this lysine-directed strategy holds several key advantages over extant approaches to site-selective bioconjugation, especially in the context of production for the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Sarrett
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States.,Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States.,Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Cindy Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States.,Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Grzegorz Rymarczyk
- Advanced Proteome Therapeutics Inc, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Meena M Hosny
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Outi Keinänen
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States.,Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00100, Finland
| | - Samantha Delaney
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States.,Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States.,Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Sarah Thau
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Benjamin A Krantz
- Advanced Proteome Therapeutics Inc, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Brian M Zeglis
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10065, United States.,Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States.,Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, United States.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States.,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021, United States
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Thapaliya ER, Usama SM, Patel NL, Feng Y, Kalen JD, St Croix B, Schnermann MJ. Cyanine Masking: A Strategy to Test Functional Group Effects on Antibody Conjugate Targeting. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:718-725. [PMID: 35389618 PMCID: PMC10506421 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Conjugates of small molecules and antibodies are broadly employed diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Appending a small molecule to an antibody often significantly impacts the properties of the resulting conjugate. Here, we detail a systematic study investigating the effect of various functional groups on the properties of antibody-fluorophore conjugates. This was done through the preparation and analysis of a series of masked heptamethine cyanines (CyMasks)-bearing amides with varied functional groups. These were designed to exhibit a broad range of physical properties, and include hydrophobic (-NMe2), pegylated (NH-PEG-8 or NH-PEG-24), cationic (NH-(CH2)2NMe3+), anionic (NH-(CH2)2SO3-), and zwitterionic (N-(CH2)2NMe3+)-(CH2)3SO3-) variants. The CyMask series was appended to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and analyzed for the effects on tumor targeting, clearance, and non-specific organ uptake. Among the series, zwitterionic and pegylated dye conjugates had the highest tumor-to-background ratio (TBR) and a low liver-to-background ratio. By contrast, the cationic and zwitterionic probes had high tumor signal and high TBR, although the latter also exhibited an elevated liver-to-background ratio (LBR). Overall, these studies provide a strategy to test the functional group effects and suggest that zwitterionic substituents possess an optimal combination of high tumor signal, TBR, and low LBR. These results suggest an appealing strategy to mask hydrophobic payloads, with the potential to improve the properties of bioconjugates in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ek Raj Thapaliya
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Syed Muhammad Usama
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Nimit L Patel
- Small Animal Imaging Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Yang Feng
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Joseph D Kalen
- Small Animal Imaging Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Brad St Croix
- Tumor Angiogenesis Unit, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Martin J Schnermann
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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