Copper catalyzed aerobic oxidative amination of 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-ones

The Exacerbating Effects of the Tumor Necrosis Factor in Cardiovascular Stenosis: Intimal Hyperplasia

TNF-α functions as a master regulator of inflammation, and it plays a prominent role in several immunological diseases. By promoting important cellular mechanisms, such as cell proliferation, migration, and phenotype switch, TNF-α induces its exacerbating effects, which are the underlying cause of many proliferative diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. TNF-α primarily alters the immune component of the disease, which subsequently affects normal functioning of the cells. Monoclonal antibodies and synthetic drugs that can target TNF-α and impair its effects have been developed and are currently used in the treatment of a few select human diseases. Vascular restenosis is a proliferative disorder that is initiated by immunological mechanisms. In this review, the role of TNF-α in exacerbating restenosis resulting from neointimal hyperplasia, as well as molecular mechanisms and cellular processes affected or induced by TNF-α, are discussed. As TNF-α-targeting drugs are currently not approved for the treatment of restenosis, the summation of the topics discussed here is anticipated to provide information that can emphasize on the use of TNF-α-targeting drug candidates to prevent vascular restenosis.

Selectfluor-Mediated Regioselective C-3 Alkoxylation, Amination, Sulfenylation, and Selenylation of Quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones

A Selectfluor-promoted oxidative coupling of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones with alcohols, amines, thiols, and selenols leading to the formation of C-O, C-N, C-S, and C-Se bonds has been developed. The protocol provided good to excellent (53-95%) yields of a wide range of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones decorated with alkoxy, alkylamino, alkylthio, and arylselenyl groups at the C3-position under metal- and photocatalyst-free conditions. The reaction is believed to proceed through a radical pathway. A broad substrate scope including bioactive molecules, mild reaction conditions, readily available coupling partners, high yields, scalability, step-economy, and metal- and photocatalyst-free conditions are the highlighting features of the method. The synthetic utility of the developed protocol was demonstrated by gram-scale synthesis, C3-alkoxylation of quinoxaline-2(1H)-one with natural alcohols, and synthesis of aldose reductase (ALR2) inhibitor and histamine-4 receptor antagonist in good yields.