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Nicolai J, Fantoni T, Butcher TW, Arlow SI, Ryabukhin SV, Volochnyuk DM, Hartwig JF. Copper-Mediated Cyanodifluoromethylation of (Hetero)aryl Iodides and Activated (Hetero)aryl Bromides with TMSCF 2CN. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15464-15472. [PMID: 38780539 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Molecules bearing fluorine are increasingly prevalent in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and functional materials. The cyanodifluoromethyl group is unique because its size is closer than that of any other substituted difluoromethyl group to the size of the trifluoromethyl group, but its electronic properties are distinct from those of the trifluoromethyl group. In addition, the presence of the cyano group provides synthetic entry to a wide range of substituted difluoromethyl groups. However, the synthesis of cyanodifluoromethyl compounds requires multiple steps, highly reactive reagents (such as DAST, NSFI, or IF5), or specialized starting materials (such as α,α-dichloroacetonitriles or α-mercaptoacetonitriles). Herein, we report a copper-mediated cyanodifluoromethylation of aryl and heteroaryl iodides and activated aryl and heteroaryl bromides with TMSCF2CN. This cyanodifluoromethylation tolerates an array of functional groups, is applicable to late-stage functionalization of complex molecules, yields analogues of FDA-approved pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals, and enables the synthesis of a range of complex molecules bearing a difluoromethylene unit by transformations of the electron-poor CN unit. Calculations of selected steps of the reaction mechanism by Density Functional Theory indicate that the barriers for both the oxidative addition of iodobenzene to [(DMF)CuCF2CN] and the reductive elimination of the fluoroalkyl product from the fluoroalkyl copper intermediate lie in between those of [(DMF)CuCF3] and [(DMF)CuCF2C(O)NMe2].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Nicolai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tommaso Fantoni
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Trevor W Butcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sophie I Arlow
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Serhiy V Ryabukhin
- The Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv 03022, Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 02000, Ukraine
| | - Dmytro M Volochnyuk
- The Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv 03022, Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 02000, Ukraine
| | - John F Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Wang S, Liu M, Yue Y, Hu X, Zhang Y, Shen G, Dong R, Shi L, Yu B, Huang X. Sustainable preparation of 2-acylbenzothiazoles under the cooperation of ionic liquids and microwave irradiation. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3732-3739. [PMID: 38651493 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00315b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Microwave irradiation (MW) and ionic liquids (ILs) are two of the most promising relatively greener synthetic approaches to preparing value-added chemicals. Herein, a series of 2-acylbenzothiazole derivatives were synthesized for the first time from commercially available α-bromoacetophenones and disulfane-diyl-dianilines through the cooperation of ionic liquids and microwave irradiation under metal- and extra-additives-free conditions. A plausible mechanism involving the successive IL-induced enolation has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoushun Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, Shandong, P. R. China.
| | - Mengjie Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, Shandong, P. R. China.
| | - Yiyuan Yue
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, Shandong, P. R. China.
| | - Xiude Hu
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yalin Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, Shandong, P. R. China.
| | - Guodong Shen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, Shandong, P. R. China.
| | - Ruiguo Dong
- National Rubber Additive Engineering Technology Center, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Lilong Shi
- National Rubber Additive Engineering Technology Center, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xianqiang Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, Shandong, P. R. China.
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Sun XT, Hu ZG, Huang Z, Zhou LL, Weng JQ. A Novel PIFA/KOH Promoted Approach to Synthesize C2-arylacylated Benzothiazoles as Potential Drug Scaffolds. Molecules 2022; 27:726. [PMID: 35163992 PMCID: PMC8838045 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To discover an efficient and convenient method to synthesize C2-arylacylated benzothiazoles as potential drug scaffolds, a novel [bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo]benzene(PIFA)/KOH synergistically promoted direct ring-opening C2-arylacylation reaction of 2H-benzothiazoles with aryl methyl ketones has been developed. Various substrates were tolerated under optimized conditions affording the C2-arylacylation products in 70-95% yields for 38 examples. A plausible mechanism was also proposed based on a series of controlled experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jian-Quan Weng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (X.-T.S.); (Z.-G.H.); (Z.H.); (L.-L.Z.)
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