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Peng WW, Kuang M, Huang YT, Li MF, Zheng YT, Xu L, Tan JB, Kang FH, Tan HB, Zou ZX. Pseudocercones A-C, three new polyketide derivatives from the endophytic fungus Pseudocercospora sp. TSS-1. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:1248-1255. [PMID: 36308293 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2138874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Chemical investigation of an EtOAc extract of the endophytic fungus Pseudocercospora sp. TSS-1 led to the isolation of three new polyketide derivatives, including one benzophenon derivative (1), two spirocyclic polyketides (4 and 5), along with four known compounds (2, 3, 6 and 7). Their structures and the absolute configurations were characterized by means of NMR, HRESIMS, 13C NMR and theoretical electronic circular dichroism calculations. Furthermore, all compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against four microbial pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli), and compounds 1, 2, 3 and 5 displayed significant selective antibacterial activity against S. aureus with MIC values ranging from 3.9 to 7.8 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Peng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Min Kuang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Tao Huang
- Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou, P. R. China
| | - Mei-Fang Li
- Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Haikou, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Ting Zheng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Li Xu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Bing Tan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Hua Kang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Bo Tan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Xing Zou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
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2
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He J, Zou Q, Deng H, He S, Yan D, Pan K, Zhou Y, Zhao Z, Cui H, Liu Y. Novel 6/7/6 ring system diterpenoids and cytochalasins from the fungus Eutypella scoparia GZU-4-19Y and their anti-inflammatory activity. Fitoterapia 2024; 173:105804. [PMID: 38181894 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Two new compounds eutyditerpenoid A (1) and seco-phenochalasin B (5), together with seven known compounds diaporthein A (2), aspergillon A (3), phenochalasin B (4), cytochalasins Z24 and Z25 (6 and 7), scoparasins A and B (8 and 9) were isolated from marine-derived Eutypella scoparia GZU-4-19Y. Among them, eutyditerpenoid A (1) with a rare 6/7/6 ring system possesing an anhydride moiety was the first example in the pimarane-type diterpenoids. Their structures were determined based on spectroscopic methods and the electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. In the bioassays, all of the isolates were evaluated for their inhibitory activity against NO production induced by lipopolysaccharide in RAW 264.7 cells. Compounds 3 and 7 showed potent NO inhibition activity with IC50 values of 2.1 and 17.1 μM respectively, and the former also significantly suppressed the protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 at the concentration of 2.5 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qinghui Zou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huimei Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shiting He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Die Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kaihui Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuwei Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhongxiang Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Hui Cui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Yena Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China.
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Peng W, Huang Q, Ke X, Wang W, Chen Y, Sang Z, Chen C, Qin S, Zheng Y, Tan H, Zou Z. Koningipyridines A and B, two nitrogen-containing polyketides from the fungus Trichoderma koningiopsis SC-5. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2024; 14:8. [PMID: 38206497 PMCID: PMC10784257 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-024-00429-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Two novel koninginin derivatives, koningipyridines A and B (1 and 2), along with four known compounds (3-6) were isolated from the EtOAc extract of the endophytic fungus Trichoderma koningiopsis SC-5. Among them, koningipyridine A featured an unprecedented pentacyclic ketal skeleton with the formation of a fascinating 6/6/5/6/5 fused ring system and shared a characteristic pyridine core, which represents the first example of nitrogen-containing koninginin-type natural product. Moreover, koningipyridine B was the first member in the koninginin family sharing a unique 6/6/5 dihydropyridine skeleton, and it was suggested to be the critical biosynthetic precursor of koningipyridine A. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated by the interpretation of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, HRESIMS data, as well as theoretical calculations of 13C NMR and electronic circular dichroism (ECD). Moreover, all isolates were screened for antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, and Escherichia coli as well as the cytotoxic effects against three cancer cell lines (A549, Hela, and HepG2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Peng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant Conservation and Utilization in Southern China, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Huang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Ke
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant Conservation and Utilization in Southern China, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxuan Wang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant Conservation and Utilization in Southern China, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihuan Sang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant Conservation and Utilization in Southern China, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant Conservation and Utilization in Southern China, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu Qin
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Zheng
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Tan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, People's Republic of China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Plant Conservation and Utilization in Southern China, State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenxing Zou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Drug Research for Chronic Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, People's Republic of China.
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Shcherbinin VA, Nasibullina ER, Mendogralo EY, Uchuskin MG. Natural epoxyquinoids: isolation, biological activity and synthesis. An update. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8215-8243. [PMID: 37812083 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01141k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Epoxyquinoids are of continuing interest due to their wide natural distribution and diverse biological activities, including, but not limited to, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, enzyme inhibitory, and others. The last review on their total synthesis was published in 2017. Since then, almost 100 articles have been published on their isolation from nature and their biological profile. In addition, the review specifically considers synthesis, including total and enantioselective, as well as the development of shorter approaches for the construction of epoxyquinoids with complex chemical architecture. Thus, this review focuses on progress in this area in order to stimulate further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly A Shcherbinin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr. 47, 119334 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina R Nasibullina
- Department of Chemistry, Perm State University, Bukireva St. 15, 614990 Perm, Russian Federation.
| | - Elena Y Mendogralo
- Department of Chemistry, Perm State University, Bukireva St. 15, 614990 Perm, Russian Federation.
| | - Maxim G Uchuskin
- Department of Chemistry, Perm State University, Bukireva St. 15, 614990 Perm, Russian Federation.
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Li DY, Zhang XL, Li ZL. Two ambuic acid dimers derived from homo- endo Diels-Alder reaction from Pestalotiopsis versicolor. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2022:1-9. [PMID: 36264599 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2022.2132480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Two new dimers of ambuic acid, pestaloversicoloric acids A (1) and B (2), and a known derivative, 13(S)-hydroxyambuic acid (3), were isolated from the static fermentation product of Pestalotiopsis versicolor. The structural identification was accomplished via analyses on the data of HR-MS, 1 D and 2 D NMR, and ECD. Different from the well-known exo-type dimer, torreyanic acid, compounds 1 and 2 represent the first example of endo-type product derived from the intermolecular Diels-Alder reaction of two molecules of ambuic acid derivative with the identical absolute stereochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Yi Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Benxi 117004, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Benxi 117004, China
| | - Zhan-Lin Li
- College of Medicine, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
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Deshmukh SK, Dufossé L, Chhipa H, Saxena S, Mahajan GB, Gupta MK. Fungal Endophytes: A Potential Source of Antibacterial Compounds. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:164. [PMID: 35205918 PMCID: PMC8877021 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is becoming a burning issue due to the frequent use of antibiotics for curing common bacterial infections, indicating that we are running out of effective antibiotics. This has been more obvious during recent corona pandemics. Similarly, enhancement of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is strengthening the pathogenicity and virulence of infectious microbes. Endophytes have shown expression of various new many bioactive compounds with significant biological activities. Specifically, in endophytic fungi, bioactive metabolites with unique skeletons have been identified which could be helpful in the prevention of increasing antimicrobial resistance. The major classes of metabolites reported include anthraquinone, sesquiterpenoid, chromone, xanthone, phenols, quinones, quinolone, piperazine, coumarins and cyclic peptides. In the present review, we reported 451 bioactive metabolites isolated from various groups of endophytic fungi from January 2015 to April 2021 along with their antibacterial profiling, chemical structures and mode of action. In addition, we also discussed various methods including epigenetic modifications, co-culture, and OSMAC to induce silent gene clusters for the production of noble bioactive compounds in endophytic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Deshmukh
- TERI-Deakin Nano Biotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, Darbari Seth Block, IHC Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110003, Delhi, India
- Agpharm Bioinnovations LLP, Incubatee: Science and Technology Entrepreneurs Park (STEP), Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India
| | - Laurent Dufossé
- Chimie et Biotechnologie des Produits Naturels (CHEMBIOPRO Lab) & ESIROI Agroalimentaire, Université de la Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin, 97744 Saint-Denis, France
| | - Hemraj Chhipa
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Agriculture University Kota, Jhalawar 322360, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sanjai Saxena
- Agpharm Bioinnovations LLP, Incubatee: Science and Technology Entrepreneurs Park (STEP), Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India
| | - Girish B Mahajan
- HiMedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai 400086, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manish Kumar Gupta
- SGT College of Pharmacy, SGT University, Gurugram 122505, Haryana, India
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Li Y, Kumar PS, Tan Q, Tan X, Yuan M, Luo J, He M. Diversity and chemical fingerprinting of endo-metabolomes from endophytes associated with Ampelopsis grossedentata (Hand.-Mazz.) W. T. Wang possessing antibacterial activity against multidrug resistant bacterial pathogens. J Infect Public Health 2021; 14:1917-1926. [PMID: 34728167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serious infections caused by bacteria and their resistance to antibiotics are one of the biggest healthcare threats to mankind. Therefore, the present study aimed to isolate endophytes from medicinal plant Ampelopsis grossedentata, an endemic species of Western Hubei, China and to investigate its antibacterial efficacy and chemical diversity of the secondary metabolites. METHODS The antibacterial potential of the endophytes was evaluated by disc diffusion method against a panel of eleven type strains and some multidrug resistant pathogenic bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were estimated by broth microdilution using iodonitrotetrazolium chloride assay. Further, the chemical diversity of the metabolites was estimated using LC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and GC-MS fingerprinting. RESULTS Four endophytic fungi were isolated from the tender shoot of A. grossedentata; they were identified as Fusarium graminearum TC-1, Phomopsis mali TC-3, Pestalotiopsis maculans TC-5 and Alternaria alternata TC-11. Among the endophytes screened, A. alternata TC-11 exhibited significant antibacterial activity with the zones of inhibition ranging from 13.72 ± 0.30 to 21.76 ± 0.53 mm against all the tested type strains and multidrug resistant bacterial pathogens. Further, it showed significant antibacterial activity with MIC values ranging from 0.37 to 3.00 μg/mL. The combined LC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and GC-MS analyses of active extract revealed that alternarian acid, altertenuol, dimethyl sulfone, docosane, dodecane, duclauxin, ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one, ethyl 6-cyano-5-oxo-1-phenyl-7-thiophen-2-yl-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxylate, heptacosane, linoleic acid, neodecanoic acid, oxiranylmethyl ester, pentadecane, verrulactone E, 2,6,11-Trimethyldodecane and 4-[(E,4R,6R)-11-(furan-3-yl)-6-hydroxy-4,8-dimethylundec-8-enyl]-2-hydroxy-2H-furan-5-one were the most abundant compounds present which were responsible for the significant antibacterial activity. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first report of fungal endophytes isolated from the tender shoot of A. grossedentata with bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities. Our finding provides a new insight into the antibacterial potential of endophytes and envisages the possibility of using them for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 253 Xueyuan Road, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Pachaiyappan Saravana Kumar
- Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 253 Xueyuan Road, Enshi 445000, China.
| | - Quansheng Tan
- Enshi Central Hospital, No. 158, Wuyang Road, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Xuhui Tan
- Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 253 Xueyuan Road, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Mingyuan Yuan
- Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 253 Xueyuan Road, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Jianqiong Luo
- Enshi Selenium Commander and Ecological Agriculture Company, Xinyuan Building, Gold Road, Enshi 445000, China
| | - Meijun He
- Institute of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 253 Xueyuan Road, Enshi 445000, China.
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